1、同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-44 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)四、Test One(总题数：1，分数：18.00)All over the world, your chances of success in school and life depend more on your family circumstances than on any other factor. By age three, kids with professional parents are already a full year ahead of their poorer peers. T
2、hey know twice as many words and score 40 points higher on IQ tests. By age 10, the gap is three years. By then, some poor children have not mastered basic reading and math skills, and many never will: this is the age at which failure starts to become irreversible. A few school systems seem to have
3、figured out how to erase these gaps. Finland ensures that every child completes basic education and meets a rigorous standard. One Finnish district official, asked about the number of children who don“t complete school in her city, replied, “I can tell you their names if you want.“ In the United Sta
4、tes, KIPP charter schools enroll students from the poorest families and ensure that almost every one of them graduates high school 80 percent make it to college. These success stories offer lessons for the rest of us. First, get children into school early. High-quality preschooling does more for a c
5、hild“s chances in school and life than any other educational intervention. One study, which began in the 1960s, tracked two groups of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Some were given the opportunity to attend a high-quality preschool: others were not. Thirty-five years later, the kids who we
6、nt to preschool were earning more, had better jobs, and were less likely to have been in prison or divorced. Second, recognize that the average kid spends about half his waking hours up until the age of 18 outside of schooldon“t ignore that time. KIPP students spend 60 percent more time in school th
7、an the average American student. They arrive earlier, leave later, attend more regularly, and even go to school every other Saturday. Similarly, in 1996, Chile extended its school day to add the equivalent of more than two more years of schooling. Third, pour lots of effort into training teachers. S
8、tudies in the United States have shown that kids with the most effective teachers learn three times as much as those with the least effective. Systems such as Singapore“s are choosy about recruiting; they invest in training and continuing education; they evaluate teachers regularly; and they award b
9、onuses only to the top performers.（分数：18.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：3.00）A.How to erase academic gaps between students.B.How to help students know as many words as possible.C.How to develop basic learning skills in students.D.How to help students learn lessons from success stori
10、es.(2).What does “these gaps“ (Para. 2) refer to according to the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Differences in math skills between poorer students and students with professional parents.B.Differences in reading skills between poorer students and students with professional parents.C.Differences in achievements
11、between poorer students and students with professional parents.D.Differences in number of words memorized between poorer students and students with professional parents.(3).What can be inferred from the reply of the Finnish district official?（分数：3.00）A.She knew the names of those students who don“t
12、complete school.B.She could tell the names of those students who don“t complete school.C.The names of those students who don“t complete school were wanted.D.There are few students who don“t complete school.(4).The study in Paragraph 3 is intended to demonstrate that _.（分数：3.00）A.students from disadv
13、antaged background are studiedB.few students are entitled to high-quality pre-schoolingC.high-quality pre-schooling does benefit studentsD.high-quality pre-schooling should not be intervened(5).What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?（分数：3.00）A.Students should spend more time in school.B.The average k
14、ids spend less time in school.C.KIPP students spend more time in school.D.Students in Chile have two more years of schooling.(6).Lots of effort should be poured into training teachers because _.（分数：3.00）A.many teachers are not well trainedB.students can benefit more from well trained teachersC.well
15、trained teachers are evaluated regularlyD.well trained teachers will not easily resign五、Test Two(总题数：1，分数：18.00)The Lower East Side Tenement Museum is one of the smaller museums in New York. It lets visitors experience how early immigrants to the United States lived. The museum is a building at Nine
16、ty-Seven Orchard Street. It was built in eighteen sixty-three by a German immigrant named Lucas Glockner. He worked as a tailor making clothes before investing his money to develop a property. His tenement building was one of many built in New York as a way to profit from the increasing demand for h
17、ousing for immigrants. The word “tenement“ comes from a Latin word meaning “to hold.“ A tenement building holds many rooms where different families lived. The word is not used much anymore in the United States. When people use the word today, they mean an old crowded building where poor families liv
18、e in terrible, unhealthy conditions. But in the eighteen hundreds, the word “tenement“ simply meant a building in which many families lived. Later, many immigrant families improved their living conditions by moving from the Lower East Side to other areas of New York. Some lived in the same kinds of
19、buildings, but the living areas were cleaner and larger. They did not want to call them tenements, so they called them apartment buildings instead. Over the years, New York City officials passed laws to improve conditions in the tenements. The owners of Ninety-Seven Orchard Street placed gas lightin
20、g in the building in the eighteen nineties. They added water and indoor toilets in nineteen-oh-five, and electric power in nineteen twenty-four. Then they refused to make any more improvements. They closed the building in nineteen thirty-five. In nineteen ninety-eight, the federal government declare
21、d the building a protected National Historic Place. Workers at the Tenement Museum researched the history of the building and its twenty apartments. They found more than two thousand objects that belonged to people who lived there. They also learned the histories of many of the seven thousand people
22、 from more than twenty countries who lived there. And they spoke with and recorded memories of people who lived at Ninety-Seven Orchard Street as children. Museum officials used this information to recreate some of the apartments as they would have looked during different time periods in the buildin
23、g“s history. These apartments are what people see when they visit the Lower East Side Tenement Museum.（分数：18.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true about The Lower East Side Tenement Museum?（分数：3.00）A.It is one of the smaller museums in New York City.B.It offers visitors a chance to experience th
24、e life of early immigrants.C.It is intended to profit from the increasing demand for housing.D.It is the successor of Lucas Blockner“s tenement building.(2).What does the word “tenement“ (Para. 2) mean today?（分数：3.00）A.A research institution in New York City.B.A building where many families lived.C.
25、An old crowded building for poor families.D.A smaller museum in New York City.(3).Many immigrants moved out of the Lower East Side and into other areas of New York because _.（分数：3.00）A.they wanted to live in apartment buildingsB.they wanted to improve their living conditionsC.they did not want to li
26、ve in the same buildingsD.they no longer liked their old buildings(4).What occurred to the tenement building in 1998, according to Paragraph 4?（分数：3.00）A.It was closed by the federal government.B.It was improved by The New York City officials.C.It was declared a protected National Historic Place.D.I
27、t was destroyed by the owners of Ninety-Seven Orchard Street.(5).What did Museum officials do with the tenement building?（分数：3.00）A.They rebuilt some apartments to exhibit to visitors.B.They researched its history and apartments.C.They learned the history of the people living there.D.They talked wit
28、h people who lived there while young.(6).The passage mainly talks about _.（分数：3.00）A.the history of early immigrants to the United StatesB.the meaning of the word “tenement“C.the history of the Lower East Side Tenement MuseumD.the life of people who lived in the tenement building六、Test Three(总题数：1，分
29、数：18.00)Here“s truth to the saying that you“re only as old as you feel. “Physical well-being and subjective well-being are two sides of the same coin,“ says Howard Friedman, author of The Longevity Project , a research-based look at who lives the longest and why. “Mental health affects physical heal
30、th, and physical health affects mental health.“ Research shows a compelling argument. Adults with serious mental illness like schizophrenia (精神分裂) die about 25 years earlier than the general population, according to a 2007 report from the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors
31、. Why? They often get little exercise, leading to obesity and hiking the odds of heart disease. They“re also more likely than others to smoke and have alcohol and drug-abuse problems. But evidence of the mind-body connection transcends serious mental illness and the unhealthy habits that often go al
32、ong with it. Take negative emotions for example. While they may not cause a disease, they appear to accelerate its progression, says Laura Carstensen, a professor of psychology at Stanford University. “We“re only beginning to understand the potential mechanisms that could be involved,“ she says. “Bu
33、t it“s clear that people who are more positive are more likely to survive, and to survive longer.“ In one study, older people were up to 35 percent less likely to die during a five-year period if they reported feeling happy, excited, and content on a typical day. That was true regardless of factors
34、like chronic (慢性的) health problems, depression, and financial security, according to findings published in 2011 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . And earlier this month, Harvard researchers reported that optimism, hope, life satisfaction, and happiness are associated with lowe
35、red likelihood of heart disease and stroke. Social psychologists report similar results, including hints that attitudes about aging count, too. A research team at Yale University and the National Institute on Aging looked at surveys taken by 386 men and women under age 50, and then studied their hea
36、lth records four decades later. Those with the worst outlook on aging, who described older people as “feeble, helpless, and absent-minded,“ were significantly more likely to have had a heart attack or stroke than those with more positive views on growing old. Likewise, research suggests that people
37、who perceive themselves as being in poor healtheven if they aren“tmay die sooner than those who consider themselves healthy. Perhaps it“s a self-fulfilling prophecy. If you view older people as active, healthy members of society, there“s a good chance you“ll take care of yourself as you age, continu
38、ing to eat well and exercise. But if you feel doomed to a weak existence, you might be more inclined to let yourself go. Longevity scientists have found that people who perceive aging as a positive experience are more likely to visit the doctor regularly, eat a balanced diet, maintain an appropriate
39、 weight, and avoid tobacco. Since there“s no question that mental health affects longevity, focus on how to preserve yoursand how to cope with trouble when it arrives.（分数：18.00）(1).According to Howard Friedman, _.（分数：3.00）A.people can live as long as they feelB.physical health and mental health are
40、correlatedC.physical health makes people live longerD.mental health makes people live longer(2).The 2007 report shows that people with serious mental illness _.（分数：3.00）A.usually live less longer that average peopleB.do not take physical exercise regularlyC.are more likely to develop health problems
41、D.usually have unhealthy habits(3).According to Laura Carstensen, _.（分数：3.00）A.mind-body connection evidence is sufficientB.negative emotions are more likely to cause serious diseasesC.positive mentality helps to make people live longerD.the potential mechanisms involved in mentality was being studi
42、ed(4).The research team at Yale University and the National Institute on Aging found that _.（分数：3.00）A.people usually perceive aging as a negative experienceB.people in poor health usually die earlier than othersC.people with positive attitude toward aging will not develop illnessD.People“s attitude
43、 toward aging also affects their life span(5).Which of the following would not be done by people with positive mentality?（分数：3.00）A.Viewing aging as a negative experience.B.Visiting the doctor regularly.C.Developing healthy attitude.D.Staying away from drug-abuse.(6).What does the author mainly disc
44、uss throughout the passage?（分数：3.00）A.How people perceive aging and health.B.How mentality affects longevity.C.How people try to live longer.D.How people develop positive attitude.七、Test Four(总题数：1，分数：18.00)I“ve always liked ambitious people, not because I am desperate to be friends with a future Se
45、cretary of State, but because I find ambitious people entertaining, interesting to talk to, fun to watch. And, of course, I like such people because I am ambitious myself, and I would rather not feel apologetic about it. Ambition has gotten bad press. Back in the seventeenth century, Spinoza thought
46、 ambition and desire were “nothing but species of madness, although they are not listed among diseases.“ But what I mean by ambition is dreaming big dreams, putting no limits on your expectations and your hopes. I don“t really like very specific, attainable ambitions, the kind you learn to set in th
47、e career-strategy course. I like big ambitions that suggest that the world could open up at any time, with work and luck and determination. The world is full of disappointed people. Some of them probably never had much ambition to start with; they sat back and waited for something good and feel chea
48、ted because it never happened. Some of them had very set, specific ambitions and for one reason or another, never got what they wanted. Others got what they wanted but found it wasn“t exactly what they“d expected it to be. The world is full of people so ambitious, so consumed by drive and overdrive
49、that nothing they pass on the way to success has any value at all. Life becomes one long exercise in delayed gratification; everything you do, you“re doing only because it will one day get you where you want to be. Medical training is an excellent example of delayed gratification. You spend years in medical school doing things with no obvious relationship to your future as a doctor, and then you spend years in residency, living life on a miserable schedule, staying up all night and slogging (若干) through the day, telling yourself that one day all this
