1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 1 及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学 2000 年；南开大学 2003 年研)（分数：2.00）_2.Linguistic variable(北外 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_3.prototype（分数：2.00）_4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）_5.iconicity（分数：2.00）_6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）_7.Interlanguage（上海交大 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_8
2、.Universal Grammar(西安交大 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_10.Error Analysis（中山大学 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_11.applied linguistics (武汉大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）_13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）_二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.0
3、0)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_15.There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and des
4、criptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which
5、grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大 2003 研)（分数：2.00）_16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs;
6、langue and parole petence and performance.(北京交通大学 2007研)（分数：2.00）_17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):“Language is a purely human and non-inst
7、inctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. “Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. “（分数：2.00）_18.It is widely known that animals
8、 have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals“ ways of communicating. i.What is yo
9、ur view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals“ ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don“t think that there are fundamental differences between human lan
10、guage and other animals“ ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）_19.Why do we say linguistics is a science?(北外 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_20.What are the three metafunctions of Systemic Functional Grammar? Illustrate each of them wit
11、h specific examples.(武汉大学 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_21.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?(南开大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_22.What are suprasegmental features?（西安外国语学院 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_23.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of
12、individual words.（中山大学 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_24.What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?（四川大学2007 研)（分数：2.00）_25.How are affixes classified?（四川大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 1 答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学 2000 年；南开大学 2003 年研
13、)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called “social dialects“or “class dialects“ or “sociolects“ for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form var
14、ies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned househand withhhas same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.)解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）_正确答案
15、：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e. g. for some English speakers “cabbage“(rather than say“carrot“)might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which on
16、e cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).)解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the
17、structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammatical
18、ization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints on their grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different his
19、torical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大 2005 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It“s a language system between the target language and
20、the learner“s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner“s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like “to touch the society“.)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正
21、确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended
22、 to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differe
23、nces between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学 2011 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what
24、 needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners“ interlanguage
25、(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners“ native language. The procedure of Error Analysis con
26、sists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学 2006 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguis
27、tics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language throu
28、gh imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.)解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the t
29、arget language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)1
30、4.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学 2008 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and socio
31、logists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of la
32、nguage , and a big topicthe relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social char
33、acteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in t
34、he history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.)解析：15.Ther
35、e are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the
36、 rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大 2003 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptiv
37、e grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnor
38、mal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language; in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that “in standard English, a double negative is rare
