1、大学英语四级（2013 年 12 月考试改革适用）-试卷 204 及答案解析(总分：118.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）_2.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then explain how to sol
2、ve the rubbish problem in cities. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. （分数：2.00）_二、Listening Comprehens(总题数：12，分数：50.00)3.Part II Listening Comprehension_4.Section A_A.The time when the woman was killed.B.The main cause of the woman s death.C.The woman s identity.D.The rea
3、son why the woman failed to return home.A.9.B.19.C.22.D.33.A.The rescue operation involved many people.B.The cause of the explosions has been determined.C.Rescue efforts were stopped on Thursday.D.The explosions didnt destroy the building.A.17.B.24.C.21.D.41.A.France.B.The United States.C.Spain.D.It
4、alyA.77 million.B.130 million.C.36.8 million.D.100 million.A.16.6.B.30.C.100.D.37.5.Section B_A.Giving up smoking.B.Birth control of the family.C.Plan for seeing a doctor.D.Arrangement for breaking engagement.A.Smoking helps to lessen the pressure.B.Smoking helps him fall asleep quickly.C.He can get
5、 much happiness from smoking.D.Smoking brings more chances to make friends.A.See a doctor to get some help.B.Read books about the harm of smoking.C.Improve his self-controlling abilities.D.Receive mental health treatment.A.Smoking is the only bad habit the man should change.B.She doesn t love the ma
6、n as deep as before.C.She doesnt want to have a baby if the man smokes.D.Maybe she will leave the man if he continues to smoke.A.At a bookstore.B.At a library.C.On the telephone.D.At the student center.A.Return it as quickly as possible.B.Pay a fine because of the delayed return.C.Return it within 7
7、 days of the recall notice.D.Return it within 7 days before the due date.A.Send an email to him.B.Impose an overdue fine on him.C.Ask his roommates to give him a message.D.Give the notice to his teacher of his department.A.Thirty cents a day.B.Thirteen cents a day.C.Thirty cents four day.D.Twenty-th
8、ree cents a day.6.Section C_A.Check-out procedures.B.Summer vacation registration.C.Summer manage crew.D.Filling out resident form.A.On September 1.B.On June 3.C.Before the next school tear.D.After final exam.A.A problem for registering for class.B.A 25-dollar fine.C.Clearing their personal property
9、 out of the room.D.Failure to make repairs.A.Your eyesight.B.The mechanical condition of your car.C.Your knowledge of highway regulations.D.Your driving ability.A.A booklet.B.A driver s license.C.An instruction permit.D.A fine ticket.A.One who violates the traffic regulation.B.Drivers-to-be.C.One wh
10、o fails in the road test examination.D.License examiners.A.In the authors opinion, there are mainly two kinds of holidaymakers.B.The same aim for any kind of holidaymakers is to be happy and relaxed.C.Few people enjoy going on two or three holidays a year.D.For some holidaymakers, going on holiday c
11、an improve their world knowledge.A.To enjoy themselves.B.To see the specialties in other places.C.To have a good sleep.D.To eat lobsters.A.Drinking.B.Sunbathing.C.Sleeping.D.Swimming.A.To get a proper feel of a place.B.To visit as many countries as possible.C.To appreciate the local food and wine.D.
12、To increase their knowledge of other countries.三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7.Part III Reading Comprehension_8.Section A_Using a computer or smartphone at night can cause us to pile on the pounds, new research has revealed. The study found a link between blue light 1blue light is emitted by
13、 smartphones and tabletsand increased hunger. It found that exposure to the light 2hunger levels for several hours and even increases hunger levels after eating a meal. Results of the US study show that blue-enriched light exposure, compared with 3light exposure, was 4with an increase in hunger that
14、 began 15 minutes after light onset and was still present almost two hours after the meal. Blue light exposure has also already been shown to decreased 5in the evening increasing the risk of insomnia. Study co-author Ivy Cheung, of Northwestern University, in Chicago, said: “A single three-hour expo
15、sure to blue-enriched light in the 6impacted hunger and glucose metabolism(新陈代谢). “These results are important because they suggest that 7environmental light exposure for humans may represent a novel approach of influencing food intake patterns and metabolism.“ The study group 810 healthy adults wit
16、h regular sleep and eating schedules who received identical carbohydrate-rich meals. They completed a four-day trial under dim light conditions, which involved exposure to less than 20 lux during 16 hours 9and less than three lux during eight hours of sleep. Ms Cheung said more research is needed to
17、 determine the 10of action involved in the relationship between light exposure, hunger and metabolism.A)awake B)exposure C)mode D)dimE)manipulating F)sleepiness G)increases H)makingI)comprised J)associated K)mechanisms L)darkM)referred N)slightly O)acutely（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:
18、_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_10.Section B_Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your ExposomeA)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health. Not so fast. In fact, it transpires(得知)tha
19、t our everyday environment outweighs our genetics, when it comes to measuring our risk of disease. The genome(染色体组，基因组)is outwelcome the exposome(环境暴露).B)“The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, thats not in the genes, “says Stephen Rappaport, environmental heal
20、th scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. That includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few. “The big difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifestyles change, “he says. While our u
21、nderstanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential(迅速发展的)rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases. “Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden,“ says Rappaport. “Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile(无用
22、的),“ says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London. He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, who investigated the effects of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease. After following over 19,000 women for 12 years, she found these markers were not abl
23、e to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group.C)On the other hand, the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery. “Theres an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment,“ says Chris Wild, director of the International Age
24、ncy for Research on Cancer, who came up with the idea of the exposome. In reality, most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two, which is where the exposome comes in. “The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person s full exposure history,“ says Wild. He hopes a better und
25、erstanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors.D)There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development. For example, the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly important. “We know that this is the time when brain connections are made,
26、 and that if you are obese(过度肥胖的)by this age, youll have problems as an adult,“ says Nicholson. In theory, a blood or urine sample taken from an individual could provide a snapshot of what that person has been exposed to. But how do you work out what fingerprints chemicals might leave in the body? T
27、he task is not as formidable(艰难的)as it sounds. For a start, researchers could make use of swatches(样本)of bio-bank information that has already been collected. “There has been a huge international funding effort in adult cohorts(一群)like the UK Bio-bank already,“ says Wild. “If we improved analysis, w
28、e could apply it to these groups.“E)Several teams are also working towards developing wearable devices to measure personal exposure to chemicals in the environment. “We can put chemicals in categories,“ says Rappaport. “We could start by prioritizing toxic chemicals, and look for markers of these to
29、xins in the blood, while hormones and metals can be measured directly.“ Rappaport is looking at albumin(白蛋白),a common protein in the blood that transports toxins to the liver where they are processed and broken down. He wants to know how it reacts with a range of chemicals, and is measuring the prod
30、ucts. “You can get a fingerprinta display of all the products an individual has been exposed to.“F)By combining this information with an enhanced understanding of how exposure affects health, the exposome could help better predict a persons true disease risk. And we shouldnt have to wait longRappapo
31、rt reckons we can reap the benefits within a generation. To this end, the US National Institutes of Health has set up an exposure biology program. “We re looking for interactions between genes and exposure to work out an individuals risk of disease,“ says David Balshaw, who manages the program. “It
32、would allow you to tailor(使合适)the therapeutic response to that persons risk.“ An understanding of this interaction, reflected in a persons metabolic(新陈代谢的)profiles(数据图表), might also help predict how they will respond to a drug. Nicholson has been looking for clues in metabolite profiles of urine sam
33、ples.G)Last year, his research group used these profiles to predict how individuals would metabolise paracetamol(扑热息痛). “It turned out that gut(肠子)microbes(微生物)were very important,“ says Nicholson. “Weve shown that the pre-dose urinary metabolite profile could predict the metabolism of painkilling d
34、rugs, and therefore predict drug toxicity.“ The findings suggest that metabolic profiles of exposure could help doctors tailor therapies and enable them to prescribe personalized medicines. Justin Stebbing at Imperial College London has already shown that metabolic profiles of women with breast canc
35、er can predict who will respond to certain therapies. It is early days, but the initial findings look promising. “Were reaching the point where were capable of assessing the exposome,“ says Balshaw. With the implications for understanding disease causes and risks, and a real prospect of developing p
36、ersonalized medicine, the expo-some is showing more promise than the genome already, he adds.H)How does air pollution or stress leave a trace in the blood? The US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is trying to find out. One group funded by the NIH and led by Nongjian Tao at Arizon
37、a State Universitys Biodesign Institute in Tempre is developing wearable wireless sensors to monitor an individual s exposure to environmental pollutants. Tao s team started by creating software for Windows phones(视窗话筒), but they are working on apps(应用程序)that could be used on any smart phone. In the
38、ory, anyone could pop on(戴)a sensor and download an app to receive real-time information on exposure to environmental pollutants. At the same time, smart phones monitoring your location can combine the level of pollution with an exact time and place. Tao presented his sensor at the Circuits and Syst
39、ems for Medical and Environmental Applications Workshop in Yucatan Mexico last week. I)“Were now moving prototypes(原型，样品)into human studies, and progressing those prototypes into products,“ says David Balshaw of the NIH. Earlier this year, Tao s group tried out the sensor on individuals taking a str
40、oll around Los Angeles, California. They were able to measure how exposure to pollutants changed as each person wandered near busy roads and petrol stations.（分数：20.00）(1).Theoretically speaking, we can know what one has been exposed to from his blood samples.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Chris Wild put forwar
41、d the conception of exposome.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).Rappaport has confidence in the realization of exposome s helping better predict people s true disease risk.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Jeremy Nicholson said, knowing genetic risk factors of health turned out to be completely useless.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).When
42、measuring the risk of disease, one should consider the influence of exposome first.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(6).The albumin in our blood plays the role of conveying toxins to the liver.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).The metabolic profiles of individuals can reflect the interaction between genes and exposure.（分数：2.00）填空
43、项 1:_(8).According to the findings of Nicholsons research group, doctors can give a prescription of personalized medicines with the help of metabolic profiles of exposure.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).Nicholson says that one s period from birth to the age of three is a period that forms his brain connections.
44、（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(10).The wearable wireless sensors being developed by Taos research group are used to detect the exposure to environmental pollutants of individuals.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_11.Section C_Gestures arent the only area in which the unwary traveler can get tripped up. Foreign cultures adhere to d
45、ifferent business customs and behavior. For example, Caffeine junkies should restrain themselves in the Middle East. “Three cups of tea or coffee is usually the polite limit in offices and during social calls,“ counsels “Travel Pak,“ a free publication of Alia, the Royal Jordanian Airline. “But if your host keeps going, you also may continue sipping. If youve had your fill, give your empty cup a quick twist a sort of wiggleas you hand it back. That means “No more, thank you.“ Middle East visitors also should not be surprised
