1、大学英语四级（2013 年 12 月考试改革适用）-试卷 228 及答案解析(总分：118.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）_2.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about the importance of a harmonious dormitory life. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words
2、but no more than 180 words.（分数：2.00）_二、Listening Comprehens(总题数：12，分数：50.00)3.Part II Listening Comprehension_4.Section A_A.Automaker.B.Icemaker.C.Wholesaler.D.Bread maker.A.Half a million.B.Half a billion.C.A million.D.A billion.A.He will make laws.B.He will tighten gun control.C.He will punish tho
3、se shooters harshly.D.He will forbid people holding guns.A.Santa Barbara.B.Fort Bragg.C.San Francisco.D.New York.A.At Christmass Eve.B.At the beginning of December.C.During New Year celebrations.D.At the middle of November.A.About 18.B.About 80.C.About 19.D.About 90.A.Many.B.Too few.C.None.D.Not cle
4、ar.5.Section B_A.Running.B.Jogging.C.Yoga.D.Swimming.A.For a chore.B.For staying fit.C.For losing weight.D.For mental health.A.Only the woman.B.Only the man.C.Both the man and the woman.D.Neither the man nor the woman.A.Friends.B.Couples.C.Father and daughter.D.Boss and employee.A.Oregon.B.Alabama.C
5、.California.D.Ohio.A.She does the recycle.B.She separates the trash.C.She bought a hybrid car.D.She uses electronic and gas for her car.A.It basically gets worse gas mileage.B.It needs to be charged at night.C.It only charges the battery.D.Its half gasoline, half-just electric energy from the batter
6、y.A.Global warming.B.Environmentally conscious.C.Physical health.D.A hybrid car.6.Section C_A.More and more Chinese students choose to study in the US.B.All the oversea students in the US are Chinese.C.Most of the oversea students are forced to study in the US by the fierce competition.D.China has a
7、 bigger influence on the US.A.China.B.India.C.Japan.D.Mexico.A.To escape the gaokao.B.To get prepared for US colleges.C.To get a better education.D.To find a decent job in the future.A.He was looked down upon by Huang Yang.B.He was murdered by his roommate.C.He is a postgraduate student in Fudan Uni
8、versity.D.He was lived in a single-parent family.A.2011.B.2012.C.2013.D.2014.A.Life imprisonment.B.Freedom from charge.C.Death penalty.D.Ten years in prison.A.Eat with a fork.B.Eat with a fork and a spoon.C.Eat with a spoon.D.Eat with a fork or a spoon.A.Their feelings of discomfort and failures are
9、 enhanced.B.Their feelings of comfort and successes are enhanced.C.Their feelings of discomfort and flavor are enhanced.D.Their feelings of comfort and taste are enhanced.A.It helps people to judge themselves and their behaviors in a same way that they judge others.B.It enables people to view themse
10、lves objectively.C.It induces a discomfort and lowers the perceived taste of unhealthy food.D.It makes people have a bad view on others.A.Behind the door.B.In the restroom.C.In the bedroom.D.In the dining room and other eating spaces.三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7.Part III Reading Comprehen
11、sion_8.Section A_With the worlds population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this 1 will be the d
12、emand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 2 and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nations energy security, and will be one of the major 3 of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar
13、, to name a few are 4 being funded and developed, and will play a growing 5 in the worlds energy supply. But experts say that even when 6 , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the worlds energy needs by 2050. For example, even with 7 investments, such as the $ 93 million fo
14、r wind energy development 8 in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 9 only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 10 both tradition
15、al and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainly H) growth（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_10.Section B_Hate Your Job
16、? Heres How to Reshape ItA Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile.B We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a l
17、ist of responsibilities, “says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. “But what if you set aside that mind-set?“ If you could adjust what you do, she says, “who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?“C To make
18、livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. Theyre working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobseven munda
19、ne (平凡的) onesmore meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your JobCreativelyD “ The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do,“ says Wrzesniewski. So in
20、 the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配).E Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burts Bees, which makes personal-care p
21、roducts. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasnt part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firms manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient
22、. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.F Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says its crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. “Doing so,“ s
23、he says, “will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining.“G Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from perio
24、dically rethinking what we do. “Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room,“ he says. “Small changes can have a real impact on life at work.“Step 2: Diagram Your DayH To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their wo
25、rkday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your “strengths, motives and passions“ into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks
26、. The end result is an “after“ diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.I Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. “Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusin
27、g on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues.“ As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.J In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers thr
28、ough incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. Its crucial to make the most of the job
29、 youve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and HatesK By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more tha
30、n customer service. By spending more time instructing colleaguesand treating help-line callers as curious students of techthe disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.L Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigans Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-indu
31、stry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. “They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently.“M “They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized,“ says
32、Dutton, who partnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into ActionN To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colle
33、agues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.O Job-crafting isnt about revenue, but juicing up (活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more
34、 and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% arent happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting wont rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary,
35、but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you cant ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.（分数：20.00）(1).A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, he/she will resign or bear it.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).
36、Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).The idea of a maintenance technician at Burts Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).Bergs suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.（分数：2.00）填空项
37、1:_(6).According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit from job-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the situation in job market isit is difficult to find a job.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(8).Dutton has seen that local auto-industry w
38、orkers profit from the job-crafting process.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(10).If you cant quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dis
39、satisfaction.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_11.Section C_They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing upjust l
40、ast month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their
41、 teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. “Because we were coll
42、ecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement,“ says Copeland. “This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about.“ Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in chi
43、ldren who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didnt suffer the s
44、ame health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesnt vindicate (辩护) their actions. “The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone elses expense,“ he says. Andrea Danese at Kings College Lond
45、on has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. “This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor,“ he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.（分数：10.00）(1).What do you know about CRP?（分数：2.00）A.It is a symbol of the inflammation.B.It is a symbol of cardiov
