1、大学英语四级 119 及答案解析(总分：746.53，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on a Gap Year. You should write no more than 220 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 有人认为大学生
2、在读期间应休学实习一年(to have a gap year)，以获取相关的工作经验； 2. 也有人持不同的意见； 3. 我的看法。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)The Problem of Scarce Resources The problem of how health-care resources should be distributed, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new
3、one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned(分配); what diseases and disabilities and which forms of
4、treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective. What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about t
5、he limit of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele(委托人) of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that res
6、ources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite (有限的). In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were “limits to growth“. The new consciou
7、sness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation(揭露) of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-1945 World War, it was assu
8、med without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the “invisible hand“ of economic progress would provide. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awar
9、eness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be
10、 seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as independent human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within
11、a context of law and order. In the same way, basic healthcare is a condition of the exercise of autonomy (自治). Although the language of “rights“ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been consider
12、able resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide
13、a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a “public good“, rather than a “private good“ that one is expected to guy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organization put it: “The enjoyment of
14、 the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction(区别) of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.“ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable condition for
15、the exercise of personal autonomy. Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that ha
16、ve led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very e
17、xpensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased form 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, an
18、d in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.) As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario(假想) (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations (推断的) about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians. In this sce
19、nario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources. （分数：71.00）(1).The article is generally about the situation of health-care resources.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).In 1950s and 1960s, Eastern societies noticed that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were fin
20、ite and exhaustible.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of healthcare resources became evident.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).I
21、n OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).In most economically developed countries the elderly will have to make
22、 special provision for their health-care in the future.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).Someone has predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will_.（分数：7.10）_(9).During_, a kind of doomsday scenario was projected.（分数：7.10）_(10).In the scenario ever-rising health costs were matched against_.（分数：7.10
23、）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The woman feels sorry for the man.B.The man is a member of the staff.C.The area is for passengers only.D.The woman is asking the man to leave.A.Clean her house while she is away.B.Buy her some plants and take care of them.C.Water her plants while she is away
24、.D.Water her plants when he is not at work.A.He will only be available in the afternoon.B.Its not his office hour.C.He doesnt have time.D.He is too tired after class.A.The woman insists on going out.B.The woman doesnt like watching TV.C.The man promised her a gift on her birthday.D.The man is too ti
25、red to go out.A.There are too many courses offered to students.B.The woman should take fewer courses next term.C.The man will take four courses next semester.D.It is wiser to take more than four courses.A.Ask Tom to send an invitation.B.Get the Johnsons address.C.Invite Tom to the party.D.Tell Tom t
26、o pick up the Johnsons.A.Jane is looking for a summer job.B.Jane is packing for the summer vacation.C.Jane is on her way home.D.Jane is eager to go home for the vacation.A.Spending more time on sightseeing.B.Visiting the city with a group.C.Touring the city on a fine day.D.Taking the man with her on
27、 the tour.A.The woman is driving too fast.B.The woman is driving at a slow speed.C.The woman has broken a traffic rule.D.The woman has parked her car in a wrong place.A.She can tell Joan when she sees her at noon.B.She should tell .loans brother about the reception.C.She must call on Joan after the
28、reception.D.She may see Joans brother at lunch.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.To organize activities for children.B.To sell local farm products.C.To bring tourists to the town.D.To make money for the hospital.A.Play in a band.B.Work at the auction.C.Sell refreshments.D.Collect tickets.A.He thinks its
29、mainly for children.B.He feels it would be worthwhile.C.He believes it is too complicated.D.He thinks it may not be very profitable.A.The man wants to obtain an international drivers license that he can use both in the U.S. and in his country.B.The man wants to take a drivers test to get an Arizona
30、drivers license.C.The man wants to know whether he can use his international drivers license in Arizona.D.The man wants to fill out an application for an Arizona drivers license.A.Show his student ID and pay ten dollars.B.Use his international drivers license.C.Take a drivers test and apply for a li
31、mited license.D.Show proof of temporary residence.A.Less than one year.B.Four years.C.Five years.D.Ten years.A.Fill out an application.B.Go back to the university to get his ID.C.Go to see his friend.D.Take a written exam and an eye exam.A.To increase the number of exam supervisors.B.To ban handsets
32、 from exam rooms.C.To equip exam sites with cell phone signal shielding facilities.D.To impose severe punishment on cheating students.A.They argue that Shanghai has no record of cheating scandals.B.They declare that Shanghai will follow the new regulation.C.They are indifferent to the new regulation
33、.D.They think the new regulation is impractical.A.8.B.81.C.18.D.8.A.To install a microelectronic wave detector.B.To raise the alarm.C.To install cell phone signal shielding facilities.D.To ask students to switch off the handsets.A.They invited him to a party.B.They asked him to make a speech.C.They
34、gave a special dinner for him.D.They invited his wife to attend the dinner.A.He was embarrassed.B.He felt greatly encouraged.C.He felt sad.D.He was deeply touched.A.Sams wife did not think that the company was fair to Sam.B.Sams wife was satisfied with the gold watch and the dinner.C.Sam did not lik
35、e the gold watch, but hoped for some money.D.The company had some financial problems.A.His friend might have given him the wrong key.B.He didnt know where the back door was.C.He couldnt find the key in the mailbox.D.It was too dark to put the key in the lock.A.He broke the front door.B.He tried to g
36、et into the house through a window.C.He found a neighbor of his friend to help him.D.He found a police to help him.A.He looked silly with only one leg inside the window.B.He knew the policeman wouldnt believe him.C.The torch light made him look very foolish.D.He realized that he had made a mistake.六
37、、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Maintaining body health is one of the most important tasks in life. A healthy body (36) 1foods and liquids for growth, development , and (37) 2 against disease. A healthy body also (28 ) 3fresh air, exercise, and rest. Maintaining body health (39) 4effort. You choose the fo
38、ods you eat. You choose (40) 5you get fresh air and exercise. You choose how much rest you get. Nutrition is one of the most important (41) 6of body health. When people do not eat enough food or do not take in certain (42) 7 nutrients, they can suffer from (43) 8. Sometimes disease robs the body of
39、the nutrients in the diet. This condition is called secondary . (44) 9. Three substances which may come from foods are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Carbohydrates provide body fuel. Fats are stored in the body for future energy uses. Proteins are required for growth needs and for defending the
40、body against disease. (45) 10. Mental health is as important as bodily health. Stimulating activities should be part of everyones everyday life. Depression can result in loss of a persons desire to accomplish realistic goals. (46) 11 Social workers and other behavioral scientists can help a person r
41、ecognize and remove blocks in the way of sound mental health. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Not many of the elements occur in nature as pure substances, lying around waiting for someone to pick them up. A
42、 few do, and it is not surprising that these were known and collected for various uses in societies around the globe as far back as several thousand years B. C. Sulfur is one of those elements. It was known to burn with smelly results and have an odd appearance. Its use was probably confined to reli
43、gious ceremonies. Carbon was also known since antiquity, because the charred (烧焦的) bones of animals and portions of partially burned trees consist largely of carbon in the form of charcoal. Although we dont know all the uses primitive peoples made of charcoal, we do know that it was the key to relea
44、sing many other elements from their chemical combination in rocks. For example, if a copper-containing rock was heated in a hot fire with charcoal present, the carbon in the charcoal would combine with the other elements in the rock, leaving free metallic copper. In ways like this people were able t
45、o discover the elements copper, iron, lead, tin, and zinc, although they didnt necessarily appreciate that these substances were elementary. They just knew that they were useful. Iron also arrived occasionally from the heavens in the form of iron-containing meteorites (陨石). Because of this, one migh
46、t think that iron would have been thought of as a “heavenly“ element, a gift from the gods. Instead, this honor has always fallen to the element gold. Gold doesnt fall from the skies, but it is found in its pure state in some places. It has the unusual property of never tarnishing (锈蚀) like other me
47、tals do. Gold objects dont rust, as iron does, nor do they turn green or black on the surface as do many other metals. The ancient Egyptians used gold for jewelry and for coins. Gold is still used for jewelry, although pure gold is too soft for this purpose. Coins and jewelry, instead, are made of alloys. These are metals made by melting two or more metals in a pot together in such a way that they dissolve in one another. Gold coins are usually 90 per cent copper. An alloy of gold and silver is called white gold. （分数：177.50）(1).Whats the main idea of the first paragraph?（分数：3
