1、公共英语(五级)11 及答案解析(总分：7.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section II Use of E(总题数：1，分数：1.00)The worry about salt is that it may 【B1】 high blood pressure. Chemically, salt 【B2】 of sodium and chloride ions, both of 【B3】 are common in the human 【B4】 and are important for many physiological and biochemical 【B5】 We not onl
2、y need salt, we are salt; but too 【B6】 may still be bad for us. Although the idea of a 【B7】 between salt and high blood pressure 【B8】 back to 2000 BC, there is still no scientific 【B9】 as to whether this is so or not. One reason for this 【B10】 to agree is that individual salt intake 【B11】 enormously
3、 from day to day, and so reliable measures of intake are hard to come 【B12】 . Those who believe that salt does 【B13】 to high blood pressure point to the high 【B14】 of high blood pressure in countries that eat a very 【B15】 diet. In Japan, for instance, where salted fish is an important part of the di
4、et, high blood pressure and 【B16】 complications are common, 【B17】 among some Amazonian and African tribes, which have a low intake of salt, they are almost 【B18】 . But 【B19】 there is this neat relation between salt intake and the incidence of high blood pressure between countries, it doesnt seem to
5、apply 【B20】 those countries themselves. Studies, for instance, of couples who have a similar salt intake dont show any consistency in how often they develop high blood pressure. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填
6、空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、Section III Reading(总题数：3，分数：3.00)Why does the Western movie especially have such a hold on our imagination? Chiefly, I think, because it offers serious insights into the problem of violence such as can be found almost nowhere in our culture. One of the well-known peculi
7、arities of modern civilized opinion is its refusal to acknowledge the value of violence. This refusal is virtue, but like many virtues it involves a certain willful blindness and it encourages hypocrisy. We train ourselves to be shocked or bored by cultural images of violence, and our very concept o
8、f heroism tends to be a passive one: we are less drawn to the brave young men who kill large numbers of our enemies than to the heroic prisoners who endure torture without capitulating. And in the criticism of popular culture, the presence of images of violence is often assumed to be in itself a suf
9、ficient ground for condemnation. These attitudes, however, have not reduced the element of violence in our culture but have helped to free it from moral control by letting it take on the aura of “ emancipation“. The celebration of acts of violence is left more and more to the irresponsible. The gang
10、ster movie, with its numerous variations, belongs to a cultural “underground“ which glamorizes violence and sets it against all our higher social attitudes. It is more “modern“ genre than the Western movie, perhaps even more profound, because it confronts industrial society on its own ground the cit
11、y and because, like much of our advanced art, it gains its effects by a gross insistence on its own narrow logic. But it is anti-social, resting on fantasies of irresponsible freedom. If we are brought finally to acquiesce in the denial of these fantasies, it is only because they have been shown to
12、be dangerous, not because they have given way to higher values of behaviour. In war movies, to be sure, it is possible to present violence within a framework of responsibility. But there is the disadvantage that modern war is a co-operative enterprise in which violence is largely impersonal and hero
13、ism belongs to the group more than to the individual. The hero of a war movie is most often simply a leader, and his superiority is likely to be expressed in a denial of the heroic: you are not supposed to be brave, you are supposed to get the job done and stay alive (this too, of course, is a kind
14、of heroic posture, but a new and “practical“ one). At its best, the war movie may represent a more civilized point of view than the Western, and if it, were not continually marred by ideological sentimentality we might hope to find it developing into a higher form of drama. But it cannot supply valu
15、es we seek in the Western movies. These values are in the image of a single man who wears a gun on his thigh. The gun tells us that he lives in a world of violence, and even that he “believes in violence“. But the drama is one of self-restraint: the moment of violence must come in its own time and a
16、ccording to its special laws, or else it is valueless. He is there to remind us of the possibility of style in an age which has put on itself the burden of pretending that style has no meaning, and, in the midst of our anxieties over the problem of violence, to suggest that even in killing or being
17、killed we are not freed from the necessity of establishing satisfactory models of behaviour. （分数：1.00）(1).The reason given for our acceptance of a gangsters downfall is our being convinced that_.（分数：0.20）A.his behavior is wrongB.he is a threat to societyC.his aspirations are unrealisticD.he represen
18、ts a denial of freedom(2).Violence in modern societies is seen, it is claimed in paragraph 2, as_.（分数：0.20）A.a symbol of freedomB.something sacredC.morally controlledD.basic to our culture(3).The word “acquiesce“ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to_.（分数：0.20）A.acceptanceB.refusalC.devot
19、ionD.giving up(4).War films present the hero as_.（分数：0.20）A.pragmaticB.impersonalC.unheroicD.posturing(5).The image of the Western hero is intended to show us that_.（分数：0.20）A.violence need not cause us concernB.killing and death are not importantC.our modern age is lacking in styleD.there is always
20、 a need for standardsConventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitiv
21、e way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizat
22、ions and other for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizat
23、ions and that it promoted higher quality decision-making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision-making in their organizations. Schwenk
24、 interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial
25、 indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents, the executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and
26、acceptable decisions. （分数：1.00）(1).In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is_.（分数：0.20）A.oversimplifiedB.misleadingC.wrongD.unclear(2).Professor Charles R. Schwenks research shows_.（分数：0.20）A.the advantages and disadvantages of conflictB.the difficulty in determining optimal lev
27、el of conflictC.the complexity of defining the roles of conflictD.the real value of conflict(3).We can learn from Schwenks research that_.（分数：0.20）A.it is impossible for people to avoid conflictB.different people resolve conflicts in different waysC.conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit o
28、rganizationsD.a persons view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization(4).The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations_.（分数：0.20）A.decisions must be justifiableB.expression of different opinions is encouragedC.success lies in general agreementD.there is no end of conflict
29、(5).People working in a not-for-profit organization_.（分数：0.20）A.find it easier to reach agreementB.seem to be difficult to satisfyC.are less effective in making decisionsD.are free to express diverse opinionsProfessor Meredith Thring, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Queen Mary College, London
30、 showed off his latest invention to the Press yesterday. It is a mechanical coal miner which, he claims, could solve Britains energy problems within ten years. Not that he thinks the National Coal Board will be at all interested. “ I have taken my previous ideas of mechanical mining to previous Chai
31、rmen of the Board but each time nothing has happened,“ he said. “The Board are not thinking enough about the future. My latest idea would put the cost of coal down and produce twice as much with the same labour force. “ Professor Thring finished making his mechanical coal miner only on Sunday night.
32、 He showed the wooden model yesterday at Queen Mary College. It is rather like a giant ant, with a headlight, two TV camera “eyes“ , and arms the same size and strength as human arms. This particular coal miner, however, would only be eighteen inches tall, which would enable it to mine much smaller
33、areas of coal than those that can be mined by human beings. It would open up rich areas of coal in the Durham coal fields which have not been workable since the last century. “ I would have thought the unions would be delighted with the mechanical coal miners,“ said Professor Thring. “ We would be e
34、mploying as many miners as at present, with all their skills, but they would all be working on the surface. “ The human miner would in fact sit at the controls above ground. He would put his hands into “gloves“ and work the metal hands of the coal miner as if they were his own. The mechanical miner
35、could go down as deep as 10,000 feet, and would cost 10,000. “ It will put the cost of coal down because the cost of the machines is going to be very low in relation to the present cost of supplying fresh air to mines,“ said Professor Thring. “ There need to be no oxygen present, and this would mean
36、 there would be no risk of explosions. “ The Professor does his economic sums as follows. Britain needs each year as much energy as 350 million tons of coal would provide; and North Sea oil will only provide the same amount of energy as 150 million tons of coal for fifty years, while the cost of nuc
37、lear power is ten times greater than the cost of getting oil. “ We can get ten times as much coal as North Sea oil. We could have 250 million tons a year double the present amount for 200 years at least, and solve the energy crisis. The mechanical coal miner could be developed and active within six
38、or seven years. “ Could be, certainly! But Professor Thring knows very well how much luck he will need to succeed, which is why he gave the public display of his latest invention yesterday, to try to get opinion-makers on his side. （分数：1.00）(1).Professor Thrings mechanical coal miner_.（分数：0.20）A.has
39、 already been seen by the Coal BoardB.is his first inventionC.looks like a TV cameraD.is not yet in production(2).What is Professor Thrings invention?（分数：0.20）A.A kind of machine which miners ride on.B.A machine to supply fresh air to tunnels.C.A digging machine operated at a distance.D.A form of me
40、tal protective clothing.(3).What particular advantage does Professor Thrings coal miner have?（分数：0.20）A.It does not have to go deep underground.B.It can work in very narrow spaces.C.It can work in the open air.D.It is twice as strong as a human miner.(4).Why does Professor Thring think that the unio
41、ns should be pleased about the mechanical coal miner?（分数：0.20）A.Because a lot more miners will be needed.B.Because miners will earn over 10,000 a year.C.Because miners will not have to work underground any more.D.Because it will reduce the risk of explosions.(5).Professor Thring expects that the Coa
42、l Board will_.（分数：0.20）A.reject his ideaB.listen to the PressC.be unable to develop his inventionD.reduce coal output三、Part B Directions: I(总题数：1，分数：1.00)From her advantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in. Those who had been at the head of the line paused m
43、omentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a t
44、all heavyset black man wave some dollar bills and declare loudly, “I want to put my money in the bank. “ 66. ( ) It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all. Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, still holding his dollar bills
45、. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, “Im in no hurry. Theres something Id like you to explain. “ Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people formed in front of them. Normally, three members of staff w
46、ere ample to handle new account business, but obviously were inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, “ Use more desks for new accounts and take all the staff you can spare to man them. “ 67. ( ) Tottenhoe grumbled in repl
47、y, “You realize we cant possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us up completely. “ “ Ive an idea,“ Edwina said, “ thats what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can. “ 68. ( ) First, an application form called for details of residence, employment,
48、 social security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued. Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks might handle a total o
