1、托福-1 及答案解析(总分：105.52，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：5，分数：28.50)BReading Section Directions/BIn this section you will read five passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The
2、directions indicate how many points you may receive.You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.When you want to move on to the next
3、 question, click on Next. You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as there is time remaining. If you want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you which question you have answered and which you have not.
4、From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the reading section.When you are ready to continue, click on the Continue icon.BSet 1/BBOvercoming the Language Barrier/BThe discovery that language can be a barrier to communication is quickly made by all who trav
5、el, study, govern or sell. Whether the activity is tourism, research, government, policing, business, or data dissemination, the lack of a common language can severely impede progress or can halt it altogether. “Common language“ here usually means a foreign language, but the same point applies in pr
6、inciple to any encounter with unfamiliar dialects or styles within a single language. “They dont talk the same language“ has a major metaphorrical meaning alongside its literal one.Although communication problems of this kind must happen thousands of times each day, very few become public knowledge.
7、 Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strike, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents- even, at times, war. One reported instance of communication failure took place in 1970, when several Americans ate a species of poisonous mushroom. No remedy w
8、as known, and two of the people died within days. A radio report of the case was heard by a chemist who knew of a treatment that had been successfully used in 1959 and published in 1963. Why had the American doctors not heard of it seven years later? Presumably because the report of the treatment ha
9、d been published only in journals written in European languages other than English.But isolated examples do not give an impression of the size of the problem something that can come only from studies of the use or avoidance of foreign-language materials and contacts in different communicative situat
10、ions. In the English-scientific world, for example, surveys of books and documents consulted in libraries and other information agencies have shown that very little foreign-language material is ever consulted. Library requests in the field of science and technology showed that only 13 per cent were
11、for foreign language periodicals. （分数：5.52）(1).The word impede in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.46）A.improve.B.hinder.C.stop.D.speed.(2).In stating “They dont talk the same language“ in paragraph 1, the author pints out the problems in（分数：0.46）A.understanding metaphor.B.learning foreign
12、languages.C.understanding dialects or styles.D.dealing with technological change.(3).Why does the author describe the case of poisonous mushroom?（分数：0.46）A.To support the position that communication problems may lead to fatal accidents.B.To give an example of fatal accidents caused by poisonous mush
13、rooms.C.To criticize the American doctors for their ignorance about the treatment.D.To introduce a famous chemist who knew the treatment.(4).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about American doctors?（分数：0.46）A.They should pay more attention to radio reports.B.They only read medi
14、cal articles if they are in English.C.They are sometimes unwilling to try foreign treatments.D.They do not always communicate effectively with their patients.(5).The word it in pargraph 2 refers to the（分数：0.46）A.radio report.B.poisonous mushroom.C.chemist.D.treatment.(6).According to the passage, th
15、e linguistic insularity of British businesses（分数：0.46）A.later spread to other countries.B.had a negative effect on their business.C.is not as bad as it used to be.D.made non-English speaking companies to other markets.(7).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be a
16、dded to the passage. Several comparable cases have been reported. Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.46）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(8).The passage discusses all of the following as examples of linguistic insularity in the 1960s EXCEPT the fact that（分数：0.46）A.most British firms used
17、 English to correspond with non-English- speaking customers.B.many companies only had English sales literature.C.the majority of employees could speak the customers languages.D.foreign customers were happy to communicate in English.(9).The word exempt in paragraph 4 is closets in meaning to（分数：0.46）
18、A.expected.B.excluded.C.expired.D.accepted.(10).According to paragraph 4, English- speaking people need to be aware that（分数：0.46）A.some foreigners have never met an English-speaking person.B.many foreigners have no desire to learn English.C.foreign languages may pose a greater problem in the future.
19、D.English-speaking foreigners may have difficulty understanding English.(11).Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.46）A.To avoid misunderstand
20、ing, it is very important to understand the foreigners languages.B.Listening comprehension is the most important among the four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.C.In order to get full understanding, we should speak to them as often as possible.D.What we speak to them is as important
21、as what they speak to us._BSet 2/BBMediterranean Diet/BThe Mediterranean diet is based upon the eating patterns of traditional cultures in the Mediterranean region. Several noted nutritionists and research projects have concluded that this diet is one of the most healthful in the world in terms of p
22、reventing such illnesses as heart disease and cancer, and increasing life expectancy.The countries that have inspired the Mediterranean diet all surround the Mediterranean Sea. These cultures have eating habits that developed over thousands of years. In Europe, parts of Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spai
23、n, and southern France adhere to principles of the Mediterranean diet, as do Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa. Parts of the Balkan region and Turkey follow the diet, as well as Middle Eastern countries like Lebanon and Syria. The Mediterranean region is warm and sunny, and produces large supplies
24、 of fresh fruits and vegetables almost year round that people eat many times per day. Wine, bread, olive oil, nuts, and legumes are other staples of the region, and the Mediterranean Sea has historically yielded abundant quantities of fish.International interest in the therapeutic qualities of the M
25、editerranean diet began back in the late 1950s, when medical researchers started to link the occurrence of heart disease with diet. Dr. Ancel Keys performed an epidemiological analysis of diets around the world (epidemiology being the branch of public health that studies patterns of diseases and the
26、ir potential causes among populations). Entitled the Seven Countries Study, it is considered as one of the greatest studies of its kind ever performed. In it, Keys gathered data on heart disease and its potential causes from nearly 13,000 men in Greece, Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Japan, Finland, the Ne
27、therlands, and the United States. it concluded that the Mediterranean people in the study enjoyed some significant health advantages. The Mediterranean groups had lower mortality rates in all age brackets and from all causes, particularly from heart disease. The study also showed that the Mediterran
28、ean diet is as high or higher in fat than other diets, obtaining up to 40 percent of all its calories from fat. It has, however, different patterns of fat intake. Mediterranean cooking uses smaller amounts of saturated fat and higher amounts of unsaturated fat, mostly in the form of olive oil. Satur
29、ated fats are fats that are found principally in meat and dairy products, although avocados, some nuts, and some vegetable oils also contain them. Saturated fats are used by the body to make cholesterol, and high levels of cholesterol have since been directly related to heart disease.Several other s
30、tudies have validated Keys findings regarding the good health to people in Mediterranean countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer life expectancies and lower rates of heart disease
31、and cancer than other European countries and America. The data are significant because the same Mediterraneans frequently smoke and dont have regular exercise programs like many Americans, which means that other variables may be responsible. Scientists have also ruled out genetic differences, becaus
32、e Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages. These findings suggest that diet and lifestyle are major factors.The Mediterranean diet gained even more notice when Dr. Walter Willett, head of the nutrition department at Harvard University, began to recommend it. A
33、lthough low-fat diets were recommended for sufferers of heart disease, group of Mediterraneans in his studies had very high intakes of fat, mainly from olive oil. Willett and others proposed that the risk of heart disease can be reduced by increasing one type of dietary fat-monounsaturated fat-the t
34、ype found in olive oil. Willetts proposal went against conventional nutritional recommendations to reduce all fat in the diet. It has been shown that unsaturated fats raise the level of HDL cholesterol, which is sometimes called “good cholesterol“ because of its protective effect against heart disea
35、se. Willett has also performed studies correlating the intake of meat with heart disease and cancer.（分数：5.52）(1).The word noted in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.46）A.famous.B.noticeable.C.notable.D.intelligent.(2).In paragraph 2, all year round the Mediterranean region produces large amo
36、unts of（分数：0.46）A.red meat and wine.B.fruits and vegetables.C.nuts and olive oil.D.fish and dairy products.(3).Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2 about Mediterranean diet?（分数：0.46）A.It is the most popular diet in the world.B.It developed out of the oldest culture with a history
37、of over thousands of years.C.It spreads beyond the Mediterranean Sea to Europe.D.It is closely related with the typical farming produces in that region.(4).According to paragraph 3, the Mediterranean diet as different patterns of fat intake as the cooking uses（分数：0.46）A.more meat and less dairy prod
38、ucts.B.more nuts and less olive oil.C.less saturated fat and more unsaturated fat.D.more avocados and less vegetable oil.(5).The word them in paragraph 3 refers to（分数：0.46）A.vegetable oils.B.dairy products.C.avocados.D.saturated fats.(6).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sen
39、tence could be added to the passage.The study was conducted over a period of decades.Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.46）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(7).A World Health Organization study showed that people from Spain, Greece, France and Italy（分数：0.46）A.smoke and exercise more than
40、 Americans.B.experience health advantages by moving overseas.C.live, on average, longer than Americans.D.are genetically less prone to cancer and heart disease.(8).The word validate in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.46）A.confirm.B.refute.C.disagree.D.examine.(9).Medical studies have linke
41、d the Mediterranean diet to（分数：0.46）A.epidemiological analysis.B.cancer and smoking.C.patterns of heart disease in men.D.lower levels of heart disease.(10).According to medical studies, what affect the risk of heart disease and cancer?（分数：0.46）A.Smoking and exercise.B.Genetic differences.C.Diet and
42、lifestyle.D.Conventional nutrition.(11).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the fat in the diet?（分数：0.46）A.It is conventionally believed to be harmful to ones health.B.It is proved to be effective in preventing people from heart disease.C.It has protective effect against he
43、art disease and cancer if one gets it from meat.D.It should be removed from the diet completely._BSet 3/BBA Messenger from the Past/BHis people said good-bye and watched him walk off toward the mountains. They had little reason to fear for his safety: the man was well dressed in insulated clothing a
44、nd equipped with tools needed to survive the Alpine climate. However, as weeks passed without his return, they must have grown worried, then anxious, and finally resigned, After many years everyone who knew him had died, and a note even a memory of the man remained.Then, on an improbably distant day
45、, he came down from the mountain. Things had changed a bit: it wasnt the Bronze Age anymore, and he was a celebrity.When a melting glacier released its hold on a 4,000-year-old corpse in September, it was quite rightly called one of the most important archeological finds of the century. Discovered b
46、y a German couple hiking at 10,500 feet in the Italian Tyrol near the Austrian border, the partially freeze-dried body still wore remnants of leather garments and boots that had been stuffed with straw for insulation. The hikers alerted scientists from the University of Innsbruck in Austria, whose m
47、ore complete examination revealed that the man was tattooed on his back and behind his knee. At his side was a bronze ax of a type typical in southern central Europe around 2000 B C. On his expedition-perhaps to hunt or to search for metal ore-he had also carded an all-purpose stone knife, a wooden
48、backpack, a bow and a quiver, a small bag containing a flint lighter and kindling, and an arrow repair kit in a leather pouch.Such everyday gear gives an unprecedented perspective on life in early Bronze Age Europe. “The most exciting thing is that we genuinely appear to be looking at a man who had
49、some kind of accident in the course of a perfectly ordinary trip,“ says archeologist Ian Kinnes of the British Museum. “These are not artifacts placed in a grave, but the fellows own possessions.“Unlike the Egyptians and Mesopotamians of the time, who had more advanced civilizations with cities and central authority, the Ice
