1、托福真题 5及答案解析(总分：120.04，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：3，分数：42.00)Directions : Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPSLife places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these rela
2、tionships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interactionand fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. Peo
3、ple are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of secur
4、ity, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without
5、 endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relations
6、hip with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrum
7、ental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with cowo
8、rkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In smal
9、l groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we w
10、ill develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical
11、 to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger so
12、ciety because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society“s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience compa
13、nionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group“s primary ties has implications for the group“s functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
14、Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or thre
15、atening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group“s norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by t
16、he particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and
17、 as enforcers of them.（分数：14.04）(1).PARAGRAPH 1 Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interactionand fairly constantly so. When
18、an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. The word “ complex “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.08）A.delicateB.elaborateC.privateD.common(2).According to paragraph 1, which of the
19、 following is true of a relationship?（分数：1.08）A.It is a structure of associations with many people.B.It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.C.It places great demands on people.D.It develops gradually over time.(3).PARAGRAPH 2 People are bound within relationships by two types of
20、bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal
21、worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger signific
22、ance. The word “ endowing “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.08）A.leavingB.exposingC.providingD.understanding(4).Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author“s mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?（分数：1.08）A.Instrumental ties can develop ev
23、en in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.C.Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.(5).PARAGRAPH 3 Sociologists have built on the
24、 distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people
25、 as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather
26、than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. According to para
27、graph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?（分数：1.08）A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.B.In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as
28、 ends.C.Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.(6).Which of the following can be inferred from the author“s claim in paragraph 3 that primary
29、 group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships? C. Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. B. A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship. C. Sociologists believe that only primary gr
30、oup relationships are important to society. D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.（分数：1.08）A.B.C.D.(7).PARAGRAPH 4 A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it di
31、fficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close phys
32、ical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking ha
33、bits and interests. The phrase “ size up “ in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.08）A.enlargeB.evaluateC.impressD.accept(8).PARAGRAPH 5 Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are i
34、ntroduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society“s cultur
35、al patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：1.08）A.Socio
36、logists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they
37、help maintain a society“s cultural patterns.D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.(9).PARAGRAPH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relation
38、ships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interactionand fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People
39、are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security,
40、 love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without end
41、owing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship
42、with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumenta
43、l ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworker
44、s as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small gr
45、oups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will
46、develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to
47、the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger societ
48、y because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society“s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companion
49、ship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group“s primary ties has implications for the group“s functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or thr
