1、专业八级-(无听力 4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSECTION A/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complet
2、e a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word (s) you fill in is (are) b
3、oth grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.How to Write a General Research PaperWriting a research paper is complex, however, the following tips can save a student hours of unnecessary work. What is a rese
4、arch paper?A. Research papers place an emphasis on the development of a students critical thinking and writing skills.B. A successful paper is logically organized, fully U U 1 /U /U, and free of error.C. Types of research papers: Be argumentative in nature: the student may U U 2 /U /Uon an issue and
5、 then research others, and will learn how to anticipate the objections of others and make U U 3 /U /U. Deal with a particular problem: the student will state the problem and write about its relevance to the field. Be a U U 4 /U /U: an instructor may give a student a topic and ask him to write a rese
6、arch paper on the topic. How do I start a research paper?A. Determine what kind of research paper is required.B. Decide on a topic: to pick a topic you are U U 5 /U /Uor that will help you in your field of study. How do I decide on a topic?A. Spend some time browsing current newspapers and magazines
7、 or watch the U U 6 /U /U.B. Make sure it fits the assignment and is not too U U 7 /U /Uto analyze adequately or too narrow to complete the assignment. Are there topics I should avoid?A. Avoid the ones your instructor has probably read thousands of times.B. Avoid topics which are often based on matt
8、ers of U U 8 /U /U. After the topic has been approved. Now what?A. Write a(an) U U 9 /U /Uand dont jump to the next section, or your writing will end up in a disorganized muddle.B. Because what you do next determines the outcome of your paper.C. Your outline does not have to be U U 10 /U /U. （分数：10.
9、00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Questions 1 to 5 are base
10、d on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. （分数：5.00）(1).According to Dr. Getsy, most people who complain of trouble in sleeping are those who A. have the disease of chronic insomnia. B. dont
11、 know the importance of sleep. C. exercise less and eat more. D. always stay awake in bed.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is NOT a symptom of insomnia? A. They cant sleep as much as they try. B. They have a true sleep disorder. C. They cant sleep enough because of the health condition. D
12、. They dont have time to sleep.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Dr. Getsy, the advice for people who have trouble sleeping is to A. keep relaxed. B. lie in bed for 2 hours. C. have a good mood. D. make a schedule and keep it.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is NOT a tip for getting a goo
13、d sleep? A. Making your bedroom comfortable. B. Making sleep a priority. C. Not having your computer in your bedroom. D. Having caffeine after lunch.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to Dr. Getsy, you should have a nap A. more than 2 hours. B. less than 45 minutes. C. about 20 minutes. D. about 30 minu
14、tes.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news ite
15、m, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news. （分数：3.00）(1).According to the department head at Russias Emergencies Ministry, how many people have already drowned this year? A. 49. B. 223. C. Less than 1000. D. Over 1200.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following p
16、roblems is NOT caused by the heat? A. Heart attacks. B. Sunburn. C. Diabetes. D. Smog.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news. Which of the following is TRUE about Simon B
17、olivar? A. He was murdered in 1830 at the age of 46. B. He was a great hero of Spain. C. There are some doubts about his death. D. His funeral was broadcast on TV.语音下载（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 9 and I0 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to ans
18、wer the questions. Now listen to the news. （分数：2.00）(1).What does North Korea blame U. S. for? A. Bring weapons into a special area. B. Giving military support to South Korea. C. Coming closer to the conference hall. D. Taking strong military countermeasures.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why do G8 leaders cr
19、iticize North Korea? A. Because North Korea did not help South Korea. B. Because of the supposed role of North Korea. C. Because North Korea caused 46 people to die. D. Because North Korea made the ship for South Korea.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、BPART READING (总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、BTEXT A/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Rarely
20、does it get much more ironic. Marc Hauser, a professor of psychology at Harvard who made his name probing the evolutionary origins of morality, is suspected of having committed the closest thing academia has to a deadly sin: cheating. It is not the first time the scientific world has been rocked by
21、scandal. But the present furore, involving as it does a prestigious university and one of its star professors, will echo through common rooms and quadrangles far and wide.The story broke when the Boston Globe revealed that Dr. Hauser had been under investigation since 2007 for alleged misconduct at
22、Harvards Cognitive Evolution Laboratory, which he heads. This investigation has resulted in the retraction of an oft-cited study published in 2002 in Cognition, the publication last month of a correction to a paper from 2007 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, and doubts about the validity of f
23、indings published in Science, also in 2007. Dr. Hauser was the only author common to all three papers.An article in the Chronicle of Higher Education added further spice. It offered unsettling accounts by anonymous graduate students and research assistants depicting Dr. Hauser as brusquely dismissiv
24、e of their attempts to discuss possible improprieties in data collection and interpretation.This prompted Michael Smith, the hitherto taciturn dean of Harvards Faculty of Arts and Sciences, to react. In an open letter to the faculty, he confirmed that an internal investigation had found Dr. Hauser “
25、solely responsible“ for eight instances of scientific misconduct, involving the three published papers and five other pieces of research. On the same day, Dr. Hauser, who is on leave and refusing to be interviewed, issued a single contrite statement apologising for having made some “significant mist
26、akes“.These would not be his first. So far, none of this constitutes conclusive evidence of fraud. Slapdash lab work is not the same as fabricating data and Harvard has kept mum about the precise nature of the charges, citing concerns about privacy. Many researchers, however, fear that this silence
27、itself makes things worse and not just for Dr. Hauser and Harvard. The uncertainty about which of his results (for he has been a prolific researcher) are up to snuff means others in the field are finding it hard to decide what to rely on in their own work. And despite Dr. Hausers professed sole resp
28、onsibility, a sizeable number of his present and former wards may unfairly be tainted by association.At the least, then, Dr. Hauser stands accused of setting the study of animal cognition back many years. Trying to discern an animals thought processes on the basis of its behaviour is notoriously tri
29、cky and subjective at the best of times. Now, his critics fear, no one will take it seriously. As Greg Laden, one of Dr. Hausers former colleagues, laments in a blog, “the hubris and selfishness of one person can do more in the form of damage than an entire productive career can do in the way of bui
30、lding of our collective credibility.“Others are less depressed, warning against conflating scientific misconduct with difficult science. One corner-cutting researcher does not impugn a whole field. Clive Wynne, editor of Behavioural Processes, which published an “obsessively“ immaculate paper by Dr.
31、 Hauser three days before the Globes revelations, says he is struck by how meticulous recent research in his discipline has been.In general, scientists see themselves better placed than most to weed out cheats. The more startling a papers claims, the more likely it is that others will try to replica
32、te it and, if the claims were plausible, fail. Moreover, scientists want their work to be replicated; it is the only way it will stand the test of time, observes Robert Seyfarth, a primatologist and Dr. Hausers former mentor.Many researchers cite Harvards probe as further proof of sciences self-corr
33、ecting mechanisms, and praise students for doughtily standing up to an authority figure of Dr. Hausers distinction. Gerry Altmann, editor of Cognition, agrees, adding: “Although at the time it might appear that each transgression is major, its eventual impact on science is minor.“（分数：5.00）(1).We can
34、 conclude from the first two paragraphs that A. Marc Hauser was suspected of cheating in 2002. B. Marc Hausers scandal has caused great attention. C. Marc Hausers assistant laid bared his misconduct. D. several co-authors published an article in Science.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).As to the news released b
35、y the Chronicle of Higher Education , the author thinks it A. well-grounded. B. convincing. C. confusing. D. incredible.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase “up to snuff“ in Paragraph 5 probably means _ for a particular purpose. A. good enough B. available C. reasonable D. plausible（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).W
36、hich of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. Dr. Hauser claimed to take all the blame for cheating. B. Dr. Hauser was criticized for his study many years ago. C. Dr. Hausers critics fear his misconduct will be ignored. D. Dr. Hausers misconduct may not affect his field of research.（分数：1.00）A.B.
37、C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that A. Dr. Hausers misconduct was probably disclosed by his students. B. researchers often tend to startle the public with unexpected claims. C. Dr. Hausers published papers were considered too good to be true. D. according to Gerry Altmann, Dr. Hausers i
38、nfluence will disappear.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、BTEXT B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Watchdogs are growling at the web giants, and sometimes biting them. European data-protection agencies wrote to Google, Microsoft and Yahoo! demanding independent proof that they were making promised changes to protect the privacy of
39、 users search history. They also urged Google to store sensitive search data for only six months instcad of nine.Ten privacy and data-protection commissioners from countries including Canada, Germany and Britain wrote a public letter to Eric Schmidt, Googles boss, demanding changes in Google Buzz, t
40、he firms social-networking service, which had been criticised for dipping into users Gmail accounts to find “followers“ for them without clearly explaining what it was doing. Google promptly complied.Such run-ins with regulators are likely to multiply and limit the freedom of global Internet firms.
41、It is not just that online privacy has become a controversial issue. More importantly, privacy rules are national, but data flows lightly and instantly across borders, often thanks to companies like Google and Facebook, which manage vast databases.A recent scandal dubbed “Wi-Figate“ exemplifies the
42、problem. Google (accidentally, it insists) gathered data from unsecured Wi-Fi networks in peoples homes as part of a project to capture images of streets around the world. A number of regulators launched investigations. Yet their reaction varied widely, even within the European Union, where member s
43、tates have supposedly aligned their stance on online privacy. Some European regulators ordered Google to preserve the data it had collected in their bailiwicks; others demanded that information related to their countries be destroyed.Despite such differences within Europe, the gap is much greater be
44、tween Europe and America, home to many of the worlds largest online social networks and search engines. European regulations are inspired by the conviction that data privacy is a fundamental human right and that individuals should be in control of how their data are used. America, on the other hand,
45、 takes a more relaxed view, allowing people to use consumer-protection laws to seek redress if they feel their privacy has been violated. Companies that handle users data are largely expected to police themselves.Some experts say this dichotomy explains why Silicon Valley firms that strike out abroa
46、d have sometimes been the targets of European Union data watchdogs. Jules Polonetsky of the Future of Privacy Forum, a think tank, says that many American firms have yet to learn that showing up in Europe and extolling the virtues of self-regulation is likely to be as ineffective as rightwing politi
47、cians denouncing antidiscrimination laws back home.Transatlantic friction between companies and regulators has grown as Europes data guardians have become more assertive. Francesca Bignami, a professor at George Washington Universitys law school, says that the explosion of digital technologies has m
48、ade it impossible for watchdogs to keep a close eye on every web company operating in their backyard. So instead they are relying more on scapegoating prominent wrongdoers in the hope that this will deter others.But regulators such as Peter Schaar, who heads Germanys federal data-protection agency, say the gulf is exaggerated. Some European
