1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷194及答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_Second language teaching should focus on encouragingacquisition, and on providing input that stimulates the conscious 1language acquisition potential all normal human beings have. Thisdoes n
2、ot mean to say, however, that there is not room at all for 2conscious learning. Conscious learning does have a role, but it is no longer a lead actor in the play. For starters, we mustnt realize that learning does not turn into 3acquisition. While the idea is that we first learn a grammar rule and 4
3、then use it so much that it becomes internalized is common and mayseem obvious to many, it is not supported by theory neither by the 5observation of second language acquirers, who often correctly use rules they have never been taught and dont even remember accurately the rules they have learned. How
4、ever, there is place for grammar, or the conscious 6learning of the rules of a language. Their major role is in the use 7of the Monitor, which allows Monitor users to produce more correct output when they are given the right conditions to actuallyuse their Monitor, like in some planned speech and wr
5、iting. 8So, for correct Monitor use the users must know the rules they are 9applying, and these would need to be rules that are easy to remember and applya very small subset of all of the grammaticalrules of a language. It is not worth for language acquisition to teach 10difficult rules which are ha
6、rd to learn, harder to remember, and sometimes almost impossible to correctly apply.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most of usare aware that we are communicating in many different ways even 1when we are not spea
7、king. The same goes to other social animal 2species. We are rarely taught about this most non-verbal form of 3human communication in school even though it is very important foreffective interaction to others. Grown up in a society, we informally 4learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in
8、 tone of voice,and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize how 5we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. Linguists refer to all of these auxiliary communication methods 6paralanguage. It is part of th
9、e redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrongmessage from inadvertently being passed on, as is often as the case 7in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The paralanguage messages that can be observed through face-to-face contact also
10、makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions. 8 Paralanguage is often less important in communication than 9what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate when talking directly with others are through paralanguage. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填
11、空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionalsand amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule. 1Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry connotation that the 2person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific co
12、mmunityand, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of 3specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for professional participation in science. The trend was 4naturally most obvious in those
13、areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the 5primacy o
14、f research, but also a changing definition of that 6constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research intheir own right; and, in the twentieth century, local studies have 7increasingly become acceptable to professional
15、s only if theyincorporate, and reflect into the wider geological picture. Amateurs, 8on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by th
16、e widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several localgeological journals in the twentieth century. As is a logical 9consequence of this development, separate journals have nowappeared aiming mainly at either professional or amateur re
17、adership. 10A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项
18、1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷194答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：Second language teaching should focus on encouragingacquisition, and on providing input that stimulates the conscious 1language acquisition pot
19、ential all normal human beings have. Thisdoes not mean to say, however, that there is not room at all for 2conscious learning. Conscious learning does have a role, but it is no longer a lead actor in the play. For starters, we mustnt realize that learning does not turn into 3acquisition. While the i
20、dea is that we first learn a grammar rule and 4then use it so much that it becomes internalized is common and mayseem obvious to many, it is not supported by theory neither by the 5observation of second language acquirers, who often correctly use rules they have never been taught and dont even remem
21、ber accurately the rules they have learned. However, there is place for grammar, or the conscious 6learning of the rules of a language. Their major role is in the use 7of the Monitor, which allows Monitor users to produce more correct output when they are given the right conditions to actuallyuse th
22、eir Monitor, like in some planned speech and writing. 8So, for correct Monitor use the users must know the rules they are 9applying, and these would need to be rules that are easy to remember and applya very small subset of all of the grammaticalrules of a language. It is not worth for language acqu
23、isition to teach 10difficult rules which are hard to learn, harder to remember, and sometimes almost impossible to correctly apply.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：conscious一subconscious）填空项1:_（正确答案：第二个notno）填空项1:_（正确答案：mustntmust）填空项1:_（正确答案：is去掉is）填空项1:_（正确答案：neither一nor）填空项1:_（正确答案：placea）填空项1:_（正确答案：TheirI
24、ts）填空项1:_（正确答案：likeas）填空项1:_（正确答案：So一However）填空项1:_（正确答案：worth一worthwhile）解析：解析：词义混淆。worth的意思是“值得的”，常见结构为worth sthdoing sth；worthwhile的意思是“值得的”，常见结构为It is worthwhile to do sth，故将worth改为worthwhile。Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most of usare aware that we are communicating in many
25、 different ways even 1when we are not speaking. The same goes to other social animal 2species. We are rarely taught about this most non-verbal form of 3human communication in school even though it is very important foreffective interaction to others. Grown up in a society, we informally 4learn how t
26、o use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice,and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize how 5we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. Linguists refer to all of these auxiliary communicati
27、on methods 6paralanguage. It is part of the redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrongmessage from inadvertently being passed on, as is often as the case 7in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The paralanguage messages that can be o
28、bserved through face-to-face contact also makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions. 8 Paralanguage is often less important in communication than 9what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate when talking directly with others are throu
29、gh paralanguage. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：awareunaware）填空项1:_（正确答案：tofor）填空项1:_（正确答案：mostmostly）填空项1:_（正确答案：towith）填空项1:_（正确答案：howwhat）填空项1:_（正确答案：methods一as）填空项1:_（正确答案：第二个as一去掉as）填空项1:_（正确答案：makesmake）填空项1:_（正确答案：lessmore）填空项1:_（正确答案：areis）解析：解析：主谓不一致。如果主语由“百分数分数+of短语”构成，其谓语动词的单复数由of短语中的名词类别而定。此处th
30、at引导的名词性从句中的主语为as much as 70 of what we communicate，of后的短语表达的是不可数的概念，因此谓语动词应该使用单数is。句意为“在我们与他人直接交谈的过程中，70的表达是通过副语言来完成的。”No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionalsand amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule. 1Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry connotation
31、that the 2person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific communityand, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of 3specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greaterproblems for professional
32、participation in science. The trend was 4naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentu
33、ry and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the 5primacy of research, but also a changing definition of that 6constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research intheir own right; and, in the twentieth ce
34、ntury, local studies have 7increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if theyincorporate, and reflect into the wider geological picture. Amateurs, 8on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geologi
35、cal journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several localgeological journals in the twentieth century. As is a logical 9consequence of this development, separate jou
36、rnals have nowappeared aiming mainly at either professional or amateur readership. 10A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or
37、 to come together nationally in a different way.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：not一去掉not）填空项1:_（正确答案：connotationa）填空项1:_（正确答案：theirits）填空项1:_（正确答案：professional一amateur）填空项1:_（正确答案：ofon）填空项1:_（正确答案：thatwhat）填空项1:_（正确答案：andbut）填空项1:_（正确答案：intoon）填空项1:_（正确答案：is去掉is）填空项1:_（正确答案：aimingaimed）解析：解析：非谓语动词误用。sbaim at(doing)sth意为“(某人)力争做某事”；sthis aimedat意为“(某事物)旨在，针对”。该句的主语是separate journals，故应使用过去分词aimed，在句中作状语。
