1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷190及答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_Technologies collapse the distance between a desire and its fulfillment by reducing either the time or the effort involved. Thishas long been the point on that new technologies have been 1ma
2、rketing, and digital technologies have only augmented a 2longstanding trend. But they have done so to such a degree and the 3change may be qualitative. Consider the ease on which we may now 4locate, purchase, and receive commodities that just a few years agowould have taken us considerably less time
3、 and trouble to acquire. 5The content of a book is only one of a multitude of possible examples, but it illustrates the point remarkably well. Theoretical science in his view required aristocratic repose and leisure, andanything of the sort existed in America. Instead, Americans were 6promiscuously
4、active. All of this is marvelous and fascinating and helpful, but cranks, and Im not always above being a crank, might point out that making something effortless and instant simultaneously renders it ephemeral and trivial. If you eliminate the effort and timeinvolved realizing a desire, you also dim
5、inish the satisfaction and joy 7that attends the fulfillment. Beyond this, however, there is also a 8matter of habits and assumptions and how these in turn shapeindividuals who together comprise of the political and economic 9culture of the nation. What sorts of habits, then, are inculcated by a tec
6、hnological environment ordered around this general tendency? Certainly not the kind of habits that sit well with the venerablenotion of delaying gratification. Nor, it would seem, would these 10habits leave one well suited for the demands of citizenship.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_
7、填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_In every economic system, entrepreneurs and managers bring together natural resources, labor, and technology to produce and distribute goods and services. But the way these different elementsare organized and used also reflect a nations political ideals and 1their culture. Th
8、e United States is often described as a capitalist 2economy, a term coined by 19th-century German economist andsocial theorist Karl Marx to describe a system which a small group of 3people who control large amounts of money, or capital, make the most important economic decisions. Marx contrasted cap
9、italist economies to socialist ones, which give more power in the political system. Marx and his followers believed that capitalisteconomies concentrate power in the hand of wealthy business 4people, who aim mainly to maximize profits; socialist economies,on the other hand, would be more like to fea
10、ture greater control by 5government, which tends to put political aimsa more equal distribution of societys resources, for instanceahead of profits. Does pure capitalism exist in the United States? While thosecategories, if oversimplified, have elements of truth to them, they 6are far less relevant
11、today. If the pure capitalism described by Marx ever existed, it has long since disappeared, as governments in theUnited States and many of other countries have intervened in their 7economies to limit concentrations of power and address many of thesocial problems associating with unchecked private c
12、ommercial 8interests. As a result, the American economy is perhaps betterdescribed as a mixed economy, with government playing the 9important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and g
13、overnment management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkable successful. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_A broad public discussion of environmental problems began in the mid-1980s, when the first green groups formed in opposition to Erevans
14、intense industrial air pollution and to nuclear powergeneration in wake of the 1986 reactor explosion at Chernobyl. 1Environmental issues helped form the basis of the nationalist independence movement when environmental demonstrationssubsequently merged with these for other political causes in the 2
15、late 1980s. In independent Armenia, environmental issues divide societyinto those who fear of environmental time bombs and those who 3view resumption of pollution-prone industrial operations as the onlymean of improving the countrys economy. In the early 1990s, the 4latter group blamed Armenias econ
16、omic woes on a role played by 5the former in closing major industries. In 1994 three national environmental laws were in effect: the Law on Environmental Protection, the Basic Law on the Environment, and the Law on Mineral Resources. The Council of Ministers, Armenias cabinet, includes a minister of
17、 theenvironment. Therefore, no comprehensive environmental protection 6program has emerged, and decisions on environmental policy have been made on an ad hoc basis. Environmental conditions in Armenia have been worsened by the Azerbaijani blockade of supplies and electricity from outside. The result
18、s of the blockade and the failure of diplomatic efforts to liftit led the government propose reconstruction of the Armenian Atomic 7Power Station at Metsamor, which was closed after the 1988 earthquake because of its location in an earthquake-prone area andwhat had the same safety problems as reacto
19、rs listed as dangerous in 8Bulgaria, Russia, and Slovakia. After heating debates over startup 9continued through 1993, French and Russian nuclear consultants declared operating conditions basically safe. Continuation of the blockade into 1994 gave added emergency to the decision. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填
20、空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷190答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：Technologies collapse the distance between a desire and its fulfillment by reducing either the time or the effort involved. Thishas lon
21、g been the point on that new technologies have been 1marketing, and digital technologies have only augmented a 2longstanding trend. But they have done so to such a degree and the 3change may be qualitative. Consider the ease on which we may now 4locate, purchase, and receive commodities that just a
22、few years agowould have taken us considerably less time and trouble to acquire. 5The content of a book is only one of a multitude of possible examples, but it illustrates the point remarkably well. Theoretical science in his view required aristocratic repose and leisure, andanything of the sort exis
23、ted in America. Instead, Americans were 6promiscuously active. All of this is marvelous and fascinating and helpful, but cranks, and Im not always above being a crank, might point out that making something effortless and instant simultaneously renders it ephemeral and trivial. If you eliminate the e
24、ffort and timeinvolved realizing a desire, you also diminish the satisfaction and joy 7that attends the fulfillment. Beyond this, however, there is also a 8matter of habits and assumptions and how these in turn shapeindividuals who together comprise of the political and economic 9culture of the nati
25、on. What sorts of habits, then, are inculcated by a technological environment ordered around this general tendency? Certainly not the kind of habits that sit well with the venerablenotion of delaying gratification. Nor, it would seem, would these 10habits leave one well suited for the demands of cit
26、izenship.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：thatwhich）填空项1:_（正确答案：marketingmarketed）填空项1:_（正确答案：andthat）填空项1:_（正确答案：onWith）填空项1:_（正确答案：lessmore）填空项1:_（正确答案：anythingnothing）填空项1:_（正确答案：involved一in）填空项1:_（正确答案：athe）填空项1:_（正确答案：of去掉of）填空项1:_（正确答案：delayingdelayed）解析：解析：非谓语动词误用。gratification的意思是“满意，喜悦”，和动词delay之间是动宾关
27、系，应该用过去分词表示被动，故将delaying改为delayed。In every economic system, entrepreneurs and managers bring together natural resources, labor, and technology to produce and distribute goods and services. But the way these different elementsare organized and used also reflect a nations political ideals and 1their c
28、ulture. The United States is often described as a capitalist 2economy, a term coined by 19th-century German economist andsocial theorist Karl Marx to describe a system which a small group of 3people who control large amounts of money, or capital, make the most important economic decisions. Marx cont
29、rasted capitalist economies to socialist ones, which give more power in the political system. Marx and his followers believed that capitalisteconomies concentrate power in the hand of wealthy business 4people, who aim mainly to maximize profits; socialist economies,on the other hand, would be more l
30、ike to feature greater control by 5government, which tends to put political aimsa more equal distribution of societys resources, for instanceahead of profits. Does pure capitalism exist in the United States? While thosecategories, if oversimplified, have elements of truth to them, they 6are far less
31、 relevant today. If the pure capitalism described by Marx ever existed, it has long since disappeared, as governments in theUnited States and many of other countries have intervened in their 7economies to limit concentrations of power and address many of thesocial problems associating with unchecked
32、 private commercial 8interests. As a result, the American economy is perhaps betterdescribed as a mixed economy, with government playing the 9important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterp
33、rise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkable successful. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：reflectreflects）填空项1:_（正确答案：their一its）填空项1:_（正确答案：whichin）填空项1:_（正确答案：handhands）填空项1:_（正确答案：likelikely）填空项1:_（正确答案：if一though）填空项1:_（正确答案：of一去掉of）填空项1:_（正确答案：associating一assoc
34、iated）填空项1:_（正确答案：thean）填空项1:_（正确答案：remarkableremarkably）解析：解析：词性混用。该处应该用副词来修饰形容词successful，故将remarkable改为remarkably。A broad public discussion of environmental problems began in the mid-1980s, when the first green groups formed in opposition to Erevans intense industrial air pollution and to nuclear
35、 powergeneration in wake of the 1986 reactor explosion at Chernobyl. 1Environmental issues helped form the basis of the nationalist independence movement when environmental demonstrationssubsequently merged with these for other political causes in the 2late 1980s. In independent Armenia, environment
36、al issues divide societyinto those who fear of environmental time bombs and those who 3view resumption of pollution-prone industrial operations as the onlymean of improving the countrys economy. In the early 1990s, the 4latter group blamed Armenias economic woes on a role played by 5the former in cl
37、osing major industries. In 1994 three national environmental laws were in effect: the Law on Environmental Protection, the Basic Law on the Environment, and the Law on Mineral Resources. The Council of Ministers, Armenias cabinet, includes a minister of theenvironment. Therefore, no comprehensive en
38、vironmental protection 6program has emerged, and decisions on environmental policy have been made on an ad hoc basis. Environmental conditions in Armenia have been worsened by the Azerbaijani blockade of supplies and electricity from outside. The results of the blockade and the failure of diplomatic
39、 efforts to liftit led the government propose reconstruction of the Armenian Atomic 7Power Station at Metsamor, which was closed after the 1988 earthquake because of its location in an earthquake-prone area andwhat had the same safety problems as reactors listed as dangerous in 8Bulgaria, Russia, an
40、d Slovakia. After heating debates over startup 9continued through 1993, French and Russian nuclear consultants declared operating conditions basically safe. Continuation of the blockade into 1994 gave added emergency to the decision. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：wake一the）填空项1:_（正确答案：these一those）填空项1:_（正确答案：of一去掉of）填空项1:_（正确答案：mean一means）填空项1:_（正确答案：a一the）填空项1:_（正确答案：Therefore一However）填空项1:_（正确答案：propose一to）填空项1:_（正确答案：what一which）填空项1:_（正确答案：heating一heated）填空项1:_（正确答案：emergency一urgency）解析：解析：词义混淆。emergency的意思是“突发情况”，urgency的意思是“紧急事件，紧迫性”，根据句意，此处应该表示“紧迫性”，故将emergency改为urgency。
