1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷186及答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_The question of whether languages shape the way we thinkgo back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that to have a second 1language is to have a second soul. But the idea went out of favor to
2、2scientists when Noam Chomskys theories of language gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed thatthere was a universal grammar for all human languagesessentially, 3that languages dont really differ from one another in significant ways. And because languages didnt differ from on
3、e another, thetheory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 4led to differences in thinking. The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 5data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 6proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as lingu
4、ists 7probed deeper into the worlds languages(7,000 or so, only afraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 8emerged. Of course, just because people talk differently doesnt necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade, cognitive scientists have begun to measure no
5、t just how people talk,also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 9fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 10could be constructed by language.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Language and culture are not fundamenta
6、lly inseparable. At the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can also be visual(via signs and symbols), or semiotics(via hand orbody gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 1ideas, practices,
7、 customs and beliefs which make up a functioning society as distinct. A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 2distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 3customs, beliefs, et al. , from one member of the culture to any 4member. Cultures can develop multiple l
8、anguages, or borrowlanguages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are 5co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics ofculture is which language is the primary means of communication in 6that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 7similar cu
9、ltures heavily based on the prevalent language usage. Languages, on the other hand, can be developed(or evolve)apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 8cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actuallybe part of some culture. Additionally, many languages ar
10、e used by 9different cultures(that is, the same language can be used in several cultures). Language is heavily influenced by cultureas cultures comeout with new ideas, they develop language components to express 10those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can define what is exp
11、ressible in a culture(that is, the limits of a language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Natural language interfaces enable the user to communicatewith the computer in French, English, German, or a human
12、1language. Some applications of such interfaces are database queries, information retrieval from texts, so-called expert systems,and robot control. Current advances in recognition of spoken 2language improve the usability of many types of natural language systems. Communication with computers using
13、spoken language willhave a lasted impact upon the work environment, completely new 3areas of application for information technology will open up.However, spoken language needs to be combined to other modes of 4communication such as pointing with mouse or finger. Because such 5multimodal communicatio
14、n is finally embedded in an effective general model of cooperation, we have succeeded in turning the machine to a partner. Much older than communication problems 6between human beings and machines are these between people with 7different mother tongues. One of the original aims of computational ling
15、uistics has always been fully automatic translation between human languages. From bitter experience scientists have realizedthat they are still far away from getting the ambitious goal of 8translating unrestricted texts. Nevertheless, they have been able to create software systems that simplify the
16、work of human translators and clearly improve their productivity. Less than perfect automatictranslations can also be of a great help to information seekers who 9have to search for large amounts of texts in foreign languages. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业
17、英语八级（改错）-试卷186答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：The question of whether languages shape the way we thinkgo back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that to have a second 1language is to have a second soul. But the idea went out of favor to
18、2scientists when Noam Chomskys theories of language gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed thatthere was a universal grammar for all human languagesessentially, 3that languages dont really differ from one another in significant ways. And because languages didnt differ from on
19、e another, thetheory went, it made none sense to ask whether linguistic differences 4led to differences in thinking. The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting 5data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single 6proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as lingu
20、ists 7probed deeper into the worlds languages(7,000 or so, only afraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences 8emerged. Of course, just because people talk differently doesnt necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade, cognitive scientists have begun to measure no
21、t just how people talk,also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such 9fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality 10could be constructed by language.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：gogoes）填空项1:_（正确答案：第二个towith）填空项1:_（正确答案：wasis）填空项1:_（正确答案：noneno）填空项1:_（正确答案：the去掉the）
22、填空项1:_（正确答案：andbut）填空项1:_（正确答案：proposingproposed）填空项1:_（正确答案：predictableunpredictable）填空项1:_（正确答案：alsobut）填空项1:_（正确答案：thatas）解析：解析：连词误用。space，time and causality是对fundamental domains of experience的具体举例，且suchas为固定搭配，故将that改为as。Language and culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At the most basic l
23、evel, language is a method of expressing ideas. That is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can also be visual(via signs and symbols), or semiotics(via hand orbody gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a special set of 1ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a
24、 functioning society as distinct. A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a 2distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas, 3customs, beliefs, et al. , from one member of the culture to any 4member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or borrowlanguages from ot
25、her cultures to use; not all of such languages are 5co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics ofculture is which language is the primary means of communication in 6that culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among 7similar cultures heavily based on the prevalen
26、t language usage. Languages, on the other hand, can be developed(or evolve)apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for 8cross-cultural adaptations and communication, and may not actuallybe part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by 9different cultures(that i
27、s, the same language can be used in several cultures). Language is heavily influenced by cultureas cultures comeout with new ideas, they develop language components to express 10those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can define what is expressible in a culture(that is, the l
28、imits of a language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture).（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：speciaIspecific）填空项1:_（正确答案：mostleast）填空项1:_（正确答案：mediamedium）填空项1:_（正确答案：any一another）填空项1:_（正确答案：of一去掉of）填空项1:_（正确答案：culturea）填空项1:_（正确答案：amongbetween）填空项1:_（正确答案：originated一originating）填空项1:_（正确答案：
29、someany）填空项1:_（正确答案：out一up）解析：解析：固定搭配中的副词误用。该句意思是“文化会带来一些新想法。”come up with为固定搭配，意思是“想出，提出”，故将out改为up。Natural language interfaces enable the user to communicatewith the computer in French, English, German, or a human 1language. Some applications of such interfaces are database queries, information re
30、trieval from texts, so-called expert systems,and robot control. Current advances in recognition of spoken 2language improve the usability of many types of natural language systems. Communication with computers using spoken language willhave a lasted impact upon the work environment, completely new 3
31、areas of application for information technology will open up.However, spoken language needs to be combined to other modes of 4communication such as pointing with mouse or finger. Because such 5multimodal communication is finally embedded in an effective general model of cooperation, we have succeede
32、d in turning the machine to a partner. Much older than communication problems 6between human beings and machines are these between people with 7different mother tongues. One of the original aims of computational linguistics has always been fully automatic translation between human languages. From bi
33、tter experience scientists have realizedthat they are still far away from getting the ambitious goal of 8translating unrestricted texts. Nevertheless, they have been able to create software systems that simplify the work of human translators and clearly improve their productivity. Less than perfect
34、automatictranslations can also be of a great help to information seekers who 9have to search for large amounts of texts in foreign languages. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：aanother）填空项1:_（正确答案：recognition一the）填空项1:_（正确答案：lastedlasting）填空项1:_（正确答案：第二个towith）填空项1:_（正确答案：BecauseIf）填空项1:_（正确答案：to一into）填空项1:_（正确答案：thesethose）填空项1:_（正确答案：gettingachieving）填空项1:_（正确答案：a去掉a）填空项1:_（正确答案：forthrough）解析：解析：介词误用。此处意为“在众多的外语文本中搜寻”。search for后接搜寻的对象，而large amounts of texts是搜寻的范围，故将for改为through。
