1、专业英语四级-159及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、CLOZE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists reported on a well-acknowledged periodical yesterday. While elderly people 1 to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this
2、 has a negative effect on their brains performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to the research. Scan Drummond, a psychiatrist at the University of California, San Diego, said older people are more likely to suffer from 2 sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping 3 st
3、raight through the night. More sleep in old age, however, is 4 with better health, and most older people would feel better and more 5 if they slept for longer periods instead of the four or five hours per night, he said. The ability to sleep in one chunk overnight goes down as we 6 but the amount of
4、 sleep we need to 7 well does not change, Dr. Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego. Its 8 a myth that older people need less sleep. The healthier an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were younger. Our data suggests th
5、at older adults would 9 from continuing to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. Thats different from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is 10 the same amount as we need at 75. A. alert B. associated C. function D. negative E. age F. definitely G. probably H. intend I. bene
6、fit J. efficiently K. tend L. effectively M. broken N. smart O. behave（分数：25.00）What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less 11 , intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 1
7、2 The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 13 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 14 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior. Any research that suggests
8、that 15 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 16 based on something that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and ey
9、e color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 17 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 18 to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture, by genetic makeup and the environment. Increa
10、singly, science indicates that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 19 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 20 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the begi
11、nning. is conclusion might be somewhat disappointing, for no matter how hard we try, we may not be able to change ourselves much. A. abilities B. achieve C. extent D. ease E. contributions F. raised G. essentially H. basically I. smart J. psychological K. grown L. bold M. level N. gain O. eventually
12、（分数：25.00）When some nineteenth century New Yorkers said Harlem, they meant almost all of Manhattan above Eighty-sixth Street. Toward the end of the century, however, a group of citizens in upper Manhattanwanting, perhaps, to 21 a closer and more 22 sense of communitydesignated a section that they wi
13、shed to have known as Harlem. The 23 area was the Harlem to which Blacks were moving in the first decades of the new century as they left their old settlements on the middle and lower blocks of the West Side. As the community became predominantly Black, the 24 word Harlem seemed to lose its old mean
14、ing. At times it was easy to forget that Harlem was 25 the people from Holland, and 26 for most of its three centuriesit was first settled in the sixteen hundredsit had been occupied by White New Yorkers. Harlem became synonymous 27 Black life and Black style in Manhattan. Blacks living there used t
15、he word as though they had coined it on their ownnot only to 28 their area of residence but to express their sense of the various qualities of its life and atmosphere. As the years passed, Harlem assumes an even larger meaning. In the words of Adam Clayton Powell, the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptis
16、t Church, Harlem became the symbol of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere . By 1919 Harlems population had grown by several thousands. Some of the new 29 merely lived in Harlem; it was New York that they had come to, looking for jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of l
17、ife in the city. To others who 30 to Harlem, New York was merely the city in which they found themselves: Harlem was exactly what they wished to be. A. chosen B. shape C. very D. precise E. migrated E make G. originally H. of I. that J. designate K. define L. arrivals M. what N. with O. move（分数：25.0
18、0）Genetically modified(GM) foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes 31 into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s, but the European Union had not approved a nu
19、mber of genetically modified crops until late 1998. But 32 public concern over their supposed environmental and health risks led several EU countries to demand a moratorium (暂时禁止) on imports of any new GM produce. By late 1999 there were enough such countries to 33 any approvals of GM produce. Last
20、year, America 34 a complaint at the WTO about the moratorium, arguing that it was an illegal trade barrier because there was no scientific 5 for it. As more studies have been completed on the effect of GM crops, the greens case against them has weakened. And 35 evidence has emerged of health risks f
21、rom eating them. And, overall, the studies have shown that the environmental effects of modified crops are not always as serious as the greens claim. Nevertheless, environmentalists continue to find fault 36 such studies and argue that they are 37 . While Americans seem to be happy enough to consume
22、 food made from GM crops, opinion polls continue to show that European consumers dislike the idea. Europeans seem to be taking the attitude that, since there remains the slightest possibility of 38 consequences and since it is unclear how they, as consumers, benefit from GM crops, they would rather
23、not 39 the risk. A. basis B. increasing C. growing D. block E. filed F. much G. introduced H. base I. little J. inconclusive K. in L. with M. adverse N. run O. bar（分数：25.00）专业英语四级-159答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、CLOZE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger a
24、dults is a myth, scientists reported on a well-acknowledged periodical yesterday. While elderly people 1 to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a negative effect on their brains performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to the research. Scan Dru
25、mmond, a psychiatrist at the University of California, San Diego, said older people are more likely to suffer from 2 sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping 3 straight through the night. More sleep in old age, however, is 4 with better health, and most older people would feel better and m
26、ore 5 if they slept for longer periods instead of the four or five hours per night, he said. The ability to sleep in one chunk overnight goes down as we 6 but the amount of sleep we need to 7 well does not change, Dr. Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference i
27、n San Diego. Its 8 a myth that older people need less sleep. The healthier an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were younger. Our data suggests that older adults would 9 from continuing to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. Thats different from person to person, bu
28、t the amount of sleep we had at 35 is 10 the same amount as we need at 75. A. alert B. associated C. function D. negative E. age F. definitely G. probably H. intend I. benefit J. efficiently K. tend L. effectively M. broken N. smart O. behave（分数：25.00）解析：Ktend解析 词义辨析题。根据词性，此处应当填入动词。选项中可以与不定式to搭配的动词有
29、“intend，tend”。intend表示“主观的意图”，而tend表示“客观的趋势”。文中表示老年人睡眠时间减少，这是客观的事实而非老年人的主观意图，故选tend。解析：Mbroken解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入形容词。根据下文“while younger people are better at sleeping -|_|- straight through the night.”可见年轻人可以一觉到天明，以此推测老年人正相反，睡眠断断续续，故选broken。解析：Jefficiently解析 词义辨析题。根据词性，此处应当填入副词。可选范围为“efficiently, eff
30、ectively, definitely, probably”。此处强调年轻人睡眠好，一觉到天明，可排除definitely和probably。其余两词均可表示“有效地”，但effectively通常强调“有效果地”，指某一方法、措施有效；efficiently往往指“效率高地”，在一定时间内完成情况较好。此处指睡眠质量，年轻人能充分运用晚上的睡眠时间，故选efficiently。解析：Bassociated解析 词组固定搭配题。根据词性，此处应当填入形容词。be associated with“与相关”，此处指睡眠时间与老年人的健康息息相关。解析：Aalert解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应
31、当填入形容词。此空格应填入feel的表语，且与better构成并列，因此应当填入褒义词，在可选的形容词中唯有“alert, smart”是褒义词，但此处指身体状况，故应当选用alert。解析：Eage解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入动词。文章开篇就指出“.older people need less sleep than younger adults.”，即随着年龄增长，一觉到天明的能力下降，故此处应当采用表示年龄增长的词。此题关键在于对于age一词的词性判断是否准确。解析：Cfunction解析 词义辨析题。根据词性，此处应当填入动词。文章指出我们正常机体运作所需的睡眠时间是不变的，故
32、根据文意可选的范围是“function, behave”，但behave well通常指“举止有礼”，故function为最佳答案。解析：Fdefinitely解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入副词。可选范围为“definitely, probably”。文章开篇就已表明作者立场“The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth.”，此处为进一步重申观点，故以definitely一词加以强调，而并不是用不确定的probably。解析：Ibenefit解析 上下文题。根据词性，
33、此处应当填入动词。根据上文，文章一直在强调老年人需要和年轻人一样多的睡眠时间，所以和三十几岁时有同样的睡眠时间对健康有利，故可选用benefit一词。解析：Gprobably解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入副词。上文指出每个人的睡眠时间需求也许因人而异，接下来的转折再次强调文章的主题：老年人需要和年轻人一样多的睡眠时间，故采用probably表示委婉的语气。What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less 11 , intelligent, or able to read a ma
34、p? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 12 The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 13 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 14 to the biological revolution, providing informa
35、tion about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior. Any research that suggests that 15 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 16 based on something that is beyond your control, such a
36、s your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 17 they are, or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 18 to which all of th
37、ese characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture, by genetic makeup and the environment. Increasingly, science indicates that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective, people are born 19 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it
38、20 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the beginning. is conclusion might be somewhat disappointing, for no matter how hard we try, we may not be able to change ourselves much. A. abilities B. achieve C. extent D. ease E. contributions F. raise
39、d G. essentially H. basically I. smart J. psychological K. grown L. bold M. level N. gain O. eventually（分数：25.00）解析：Lbold解析 词义辨析题。根据make sb. +adj.的句式可判断，此处空格应当填入形容词，同时根据下文的并列词汇“intelligent, or able to read a map”可见此处应当填入形容词表示人的一个性格特征。在可选范围中，smart与intelligent重复，故选择bold。解析：Fraised解析 上下文题。根据上下文可推测此处指生长
40、环境及基因的共同作用影响人的性格。且根据词性，此处应当填入动词的过去分词表示被动。结合文意及词性分析，可选raised或grown，但后者为不及物动词，不符合被动语法，故选raised。解析：Jpsychological解析 上下文题。且根据词性，此处应当填入形容词，剩余可选范围为“smart, psychological, grown, level”，此处指基因与环境相结合影响人的行为，同时根据下文“providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior”，可见此处
41、讨论的是生理与心理的互相影响，故选psychological。解析：Econtributions解析 习惯搭配题。根据词性，此处应当填入名词，可选范围为“abilities, extent, ease, contributions, level, gain”，能与空格前的make搭配的仅有contributions, make contributions to意为“捐献给，贡献给”。解析：Aabilities解析 语法及上下文题。根据语法，此处包含两个that从句，(suggest)that引导的宾语从句中缺少主语，故此处应当填入名词，而此名词的定语为to perform certain be
42、haviors，故可选范围内的名词中只有abilities的语义吻合。解析：Bachieve解析 词义辨析题。根据词性，此处应当填入动词。根据下文“But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how -|_|- they are, or what career they are likely to choose?”可见基因不仅决定人的性别、种族等生理特点，而且决定婚姻、职业发展，故空格处应当填入表示所取得成就的词。选项中gain强调“获益，赢得”，侧重有所收获；achieve表示所获成就，可高可低，语义更加客观中
43、立，故选achieve。解析：Ismart解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入形容词。剩余可选范围为“smart, grown”，但根据上下文可见此处指人的性格发展、人生成就，因此最佳答案为smart。解析：Cextent解析 习惯搭配题。根据词性，此处应当填入名词，且此名词可与介词to搭配，表示“达到程度”，故采用固定搭配to the extent。解析：Gessentially解析 词义辨析题。根据词性，此处应当填入副词，可选范围为“essentially, basically, eventually”。根据文意，此处表示人生下来就像胶卷底片一样，essentially表示“本质上”侧重
44、性质；basically“根本上，基本上”，侧重在源头上，与表面相对；eventually表示“最终”。故选essentially。解析：Oeventually解析 上下文题。根据词性，此处应当填入副词，可选范围为“basically, eventually”。此处表示底片是一开始便定型的，但最终显像结果可能有所不同，强调过程的最终结果，故选eventually。When some nineteenth century New Yorkers said Harlem, they meant almost all of Manhattan above Eighty-sixth Street. T
45、oward the end of the century, however, a group of citizens in upper Manhattanwanting, perhaps, to 21 a closer and more 22 sense of communitydesignated a section that they wished to have known as Harlem. The 23 area was the Harlem to which Blacks were moving in the first decades of the new century as
46、 they left their old settlements on the middle and lower blocks of the West Side. As the community became predominantly Black, the 24 word Harlem seemed to lose its old meaning. At times it was easy to forget that Harlem was 25 the people from Holland, and 26 for most of its three centuriesit was fi
47、rst settled in the sixteen hundredsit had been occupied by White New Yorkers. Harlem became synonymous 27 Black life and Black style in Manhattan. Blacks living there used the word as though they had coined it on their ownnot only to 28 their area of residence but to express their sense of the vario
48、us qualities of its life and atmosphere. As the years passed, Harlem assumes an even larger meaning. In the words of Adam Clayton Powell, the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, Harlem became the symbol of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere . By 1919 Harlems population had grow
49、n by several thousands. Some of the new 29 merely lived in Harlem; it was New York that they had come to, looking for jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city. To others who 30 to Harlem, New York was merely the city in which they found themselves: Harlem was exactly what t
