1、Designation: D1185 98a (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Methods forPallets and Related Structures Employed in MaterialsHandling and Shipping1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These
3、 test methods cover the performance of pallets andrelated structures, functioning as skids, bases, platforms, andbins in materials handling and shipping. Their use facilitatesthe protection of both packaged and unpackaged productsduring storage and transportation. The test methods includemeasurement
4、s of the relative resistance of pallets and relatedstructures to deformations, damages, and structural failureswhich detrimentally affect the functionality of the unit load.1.2 These test methods include conditioning requirements,static stiffness and strength tests, and dynamic tests of struc-tural
5、reliability. These test methods are used to evaluate therelative performance of new, used, or reconditioned generaland special-purpose pallets fabricated from various materialsincluding solid wood, wood composites, fiberboard,honeycomb, plastics, or metal, or to compare the performanceof such pallet
6、s and related structures to specified performancecriteria. Recommended criteria for all tests specified in thisstandard are listed in Appendix X2.1.2.1 These test methods are also used to classify pallets assingle- or multiple-use pallets and to determine the safeworking loads for pallets under spec
7、ified load and supportconditions.1.3 Nonmandatory Preliminary Tests Because each palletmay be used under several different conditions of load andsupport, pallet-design considerations and safe working-loadestimates shall be based on that condition under which thepallet offers least resistance or is m
8、ost severely stressed.1.3.1 Preliminary, short-duration static tests up to the ulti-mate (see 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4) shall be performed on previouslynon-tested pallets to determine which load and support condi-tions influence most severely the pallet load-carrying capacityand safe working loads.1.3.2 Du
9、ring the development of prototypes leading todesigns that will be subject to acceptance testing, as describedin 1.4, these preliminary tests shall include the free-fall droptests in accordance with 9.1.1.4 Mandatory Acceptance Tests :1.4.1 General-Purpose PalletsWhen the objective of thetest is to d
10、etermine the safe working load or to classify ageneral-purpose pallet as a single- or multiple-use pallet, alltests described in these test methods shall be performed in theorder specified. The same pallet shall be used for all static anddynamic tests, where feasible.1.4.2 Special-Purpose PalletsWhe
11、n the objective of thetest is to determine the safe working load or to classify aspecial-purpose pallet, as a single- or multiple-use pallet, onlythose tests representing the intended condition of use shall beperformed. Certain specialpurpose pallet designs, because ofthe pallet size, its shape, or
12、the material of fabrication, orcombinations thereof, cannot be reliably tested using thismethodology. When available, alternative test methods shouldbe used.1.4.3 Field Testing It is recommended that pallet designspassing these acceptance tests be further subjected to fieldtesting in the distributio
13、n environment.1.5 Simulation of the Distribution EnvironmentThese testmethods are not intended to lead to exact simulations of palletperformance in the distribution environment. These test meth-ods are designed to relate to practice with the added provisionthat they are repeatable, do not depend on
14、exceptional skills,and are safe to conduct without elaborate precautions. The testfindings are not expected to lead to unalterable conclusions.Testing in the distribution environment may be necessary toverify the results obtained from laboratory tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address al
15、l of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningsare given in 9.5.3.5.1These test methods are
16、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1951. Last previous edition a
17、pproved in 2009 as D1185 98a(2009). DOI:10.1520/D1185-98AR17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization establis
18、hed in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.159 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles o
19、n standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for Determining Compre
20、ssive Resistanceof Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit LoadsD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainersD1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fa
21、steners in WoodD2395 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for Testing
22、D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-ping ContainersF680 Test Methods for NailsF1575 Test Method f
23、or Determining Bending Yield Momentof NailsF1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, andStaples2.2 ASME Standard:3MH 1 Pallets, Slipsheets, and Other Bases for Unit Loads2.3 ISO Standard:3ISO 445 Pallets for Material Handling Vocabulary2.4 TAPPI Standard:4TAPPI T 208 OM - 89 Moisture
24、in Wood, Pulp, Paper andPaper Board by Tolvene Distillation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The following standards are applicable, with Termi-nology D996, to be considered the governing standard in thecase of a dispute: Terminology D996, MH 1, and ISO 445.3.1.2 datum loada preload level applied
25、to the specimento reduce test variables as influenced by the test setup duringthe initial stage of testing. Test deformations shall be assumedto be zero at this preload level.3.1.3 general-purpose palletspallets designed and con-structed to support a wide range of loads using a variety ofapplicable
26、handling devices.3.1.4 preliminary safe working loadan estimate of the safeworking load of a pallet not yet confirmed by all of theappropriate tests specified in these test methods.3.1.5 safe working loadThe maximum load, determinedfrom tests, that a pallet can support without failure in handling,st
27、orage, and distribution including an appropriate allowancefor variations in performance as well as necessary safetyfactors.3.1.6 special-purpose palletspallets designed and con-structed to support a specified load using certain handlingdevices.4. Significance and Use4.1 Static compression and bendin
28、g tests provide data thatare used to estimate stiffness, strength, and safe working loadsfor pallets under specified load and support conditions. Theseestimates provide a basis for designing pallets and comparingthe performance between pallets of different designs andconstructions.4.2 Dynamic tests
29、provide data which are used to estimatethe physical durability and functionality of a pallet in specifiedmaterial handling and shipping environments. These estimatesprovide a basis for designing single or multiple-use pallets.4.3 Other tests may be performed to assess the properties ofspecific mater
30、ials (Test Methods D2395, D4442, D4444, and T208 OM) and connecting devices (Test Methods D1761, F680,Test Method F1575, and Specification F1667), design features,use applications, and other variables encountered.5. Materials5.1 These test methods are pertinent to pallets constructedof materials lis
31、ted in Table 1.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling shall provide for the selection of representa-tive specimens. The number of test replications required varies.At least three replications per pallet design shall be tested.7. Conditioning7.1 Some pallets are constructed of materials whose prop-erties are affect
32、ed by changes in temperature, relative humidity,and environmental moisture conditions prior to and during usein the distribution environment. Prior to test, these pallets shallbe conditioned as described in Table 1.7.2 Where conditioning influences pallet performance, thespecified test-specimen envi
33、ronment shall exist during the timeof testing. If the test environment cannot be maintained at therequired conditioning level, the tests shall be performedimmediately after the pallet has been removed from theconditioning environment. Immediately after each individualtest, specimens subjected to Env
34、ironments A or B shall be2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National St
35、andards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.D1185 98a (2017)259 returned to the conditioning environment fo
36、r a minimum of 1h prior to the next test. For additional details concerningconditioning procedures, see Practice D4332.7.3 For wood or wood-base materials, the moisture contentof selected components shall be observed and recorded at thebeginning of the test (see Test Methods D4442 and D4444).7.4 Pal
37、lets fabricated of several different materials, such ascomposites, shall be conditioned to the extremes applicable tothe materials in the structure.STATIC TESTS8. Summary of Test Method8.1 Static tests are performed to determine the strength andstiffness of the pallet under specified load and suppor
38、t condi-tions. For all static tests described in 8.3 8.5, the test loadapplied shall include the mass of all load applicators supportedby the pallet. The performance criteria in X2.1 of Appendix X2may be used to determine the safe working load of a pallet (see1.2.1 and 1.4).8.2 Apparatus:8.2.1 Calib
39、rated Compression Testing Machine, with suffi-cient load capacity to structurally fail the pallet and a suffi-ciently large bed to support the pallet and the pallet supports(see 8.3.2).8.2.2 Floating Head, used for application of rigid loads.8.2.3 Fixed Head, used for supporting load at prescribedan
40、gles (see 8.4.1).8.2.4 “Dead Weights” simulate the desired load, used in-stead of a testing machine. These dead weights shall conformto the description in 8.4.1.8.2.5 Deformations shall be monitored and recorded usingmicrometer dial gages or other suitable measuring devices,such as calibrated sensor
41、s, capable of measuring deformationor deflection of 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).8.2.6 Calibration and Standardization of the CompressionTest ApparatusThe accuracy of the compression testingdevice shall be verified using procedures described in TestMethod D642.8.3 Compression Tests on Pallet Deck Spacers or
42、SupportsThe purpose of this test is to determine the resis-tance to compression of deck spacers (stringers, blocks, andposts) of pallets.8.3.1 Deformation MeasurementsWhen tested in accor-dance with the procedure specified in 8.3.2, record the changein the height, y, at Locations A, B, C, and D, as
43、shown in Fig.1, relative to the ground (or test frame), (1) at the datum load(see 8.3.2 and 3.1); (2) at the beginning and end of the full-loadperiod; and (3) upon unloading, at the datum load (see 8.3.2),every 5 min until successive readings are practically identical(limited to a maximum period of
44、1 h).8.3.1.1 When, due to test procedure, the deflections atLocations A, B, C, and D are not identical, the average of thefour observations shall be used as the test measure (see Fig. 1).8.3.2 Test Procedure:8.3.2.1 Place the pallet in a normal position on a flat, hard,rigid, and horizontal surface.
45、 Place a rigid load applicator ofsufficient size to overlap the pallet edges and ends, as shown inFig. 1.TABLE 1 Conditioning and Testing EnvironmentsConditioningEnvironmentTemperature,CRelativeHumidity, %MinimumConditioningTime, hPallet Materialno conditioningrequiredunprocessed sawn wood assembled
46、 with metal connectorsA,BmetalsA +602C. 24 plasticsBB 25 3 . .CD253205905.4824paper-based materials, wood assembled with adhesives, and processedwood (that is, plywood, strandboard, particle board, and other wood basedmaterials).DAThe moisture content of unprocessed sawn wood components shall repres
47、ent the maximum that would occur during the use of the pallet.BSpecial purpose pallets may be conditioned to temperatures reflecting anticipated use conditions.C45C shall be the temperature used for 8.4, Pallet Bending Tests.DEnvironment D shall be used for pallets made of these materials when it is
48、 expected that the pallets may be exposed to water in the distribution environment.FIG. 1 Load and Support Conditions and Locations of DeflectionMeasurements for Compression Tests of Pallet Deck Spacers orSupportsD1185 98a (2017)359 8.3.2.2 Gradually apply the test load at a uniform rate of 0.56 0.1
49、 in./min from 0 to 0.10 R, where R is the preliminary safeworking load based on the preliminary test or on that deter-mined from tests to failure. This value of 0.10 R shall be thedatum load for subsequent deflection measurements (see Note1). Apply the full test load of 1.1 MR, where M is themaximum number of pallet loads expected in a stack duringuse. The datum as well as the full test loads shall be applied innot less than 1 min or more than 5 min. Maintain the full testload for a period of at least 24 h. Reduce the test load
