1、Designation: D4543 081Standard Practices forPreparing Rock Core as Cylindrical Test Specimens andVerifying Conformance to Dimensional and ShapeTolerances1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4543; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected 5.1 in April 2017.1. Scope*1.1 These practices specify proced
3、ures for laboratory rockcore test specimen preparation of rock core from drill core andblock samples for strength and deformation testing and fordetermining the conformance of the test specimen dimensionswith tolerances established by this practice. Cubical,rectangular, or other shapes are not cover
4、ed by this practice.However, some of the information contained with in thispractice and in standard Test Method C170 may still be of useto preparing other test specimen shapes.1.2 Rock is a complex engineering material that can varygreatly as a function of lithology, stress history, weathering,moist
5、ure content and chemistry, and other natural geologicprocesses. As such, it is not always possible to obtain orprepare rock core specimens that satisfy the desirable toler-ances given in this practice. Most commonly, this situationpresents itself with weaker, more porous, and poorly cementedrock typ
6、es and rock types containing significant or weak (orboth) structural features. For these and other rock types whichare difficult to prepare, all reasonable efforts shall be made toprepare a specimen in accordance with this practice and for theintended test procedure. However, when it has been determ
7、inedby trial that this is not possible, prepare the rock specimen tothe closest tolerances practicable and consider this to be thebest effort (Note 1) and report it as such and if allowable ornecessary for the intended test, capping the ends of thespecimen as discussed in this practice is permitted.
8、NOTE 1Best effort in surface preparation refers to the use of awell-maintained surface grinder, lathe or lapping machine by an experi-enced operator in which a reasonable number of attempts has been madeto meet the tolerances required in this procedure.1.3 This practices covers some, but not all of
9、the curatorialissues that should be implemented. For curatorial issues thatshould be followed before and during specimen preparationrefer to Practices D5079 and to the specific test standards in 2.1for which the specimens are being prepared.1.4 This practice also prescribes tolerance checks on thele
10、ngth-to-diameter ratio, straightness of the elements on thecylindrical surface, the flatness of the end bearing surfaces, andthe perpendicularity of the end surfaces with the axis of thecore.1.5 The requirement for specifying the moisture conditionof the test specimen is also stated. However, the re
11、quirementsin the specific test standards in 2.1 should be followed too.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6.1 The practices/procedures used to specify how data ar
12、ecollected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regardedas the industry standard. In addition, they are representative ofthe significant digits that generally should be retained. Theprocedures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or
13、 any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.7 Unit
14、sThe dimensional values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded as standard, such as4 to 12 in. or 100 to 300 mm. The values stated in each systemmay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall beused independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo system
15、s may result in non-conformance with the standard.(Note, when mass measurements are added to determinedensities or unit weights, add the following.)1.7.1 Only the SI units are used for mass determinations,calculations and reported results. However, the use of balancesor scales recording pounds of ma
16、ss (lbm) shall not be regardedas nonconformance with this standard.1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapp
17、roved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4543 07. DOI:10.1520/D4543-08E01.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has eithe
18、r been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information11.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis
19、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 These practices offer a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith
20、professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practicemay be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard isnot intended to represent or replace the standard of care bywhich the adequacy of a given professional service must bejudged, nor should this document be applied without consid-eratio
21、n of a projects many unique aspects. The word “stan-dard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization establi
22、shed in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC617 P
23、ractice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site ExplorationD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2936 Test Me
24、thod for Direct Tensile Strength of IntactRock Core Specimens (Withdrawn 2017)3D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock CoreSamples (With
25、drawn 2017)3D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD7012 Test Methods for Compressive Strength and ElasticModuli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under VaryingStates of Stress and TemperaturesD7070 Test Methods for Creep of Rock Core Under Con-stant Stress and Temperature3. Term
26、inology3.1 For terminology used in this test method, refer toTerminology D6534. Significance and Use4.1 The dimensional, shape, and surface tolerances of rockcore specimens are important for determining rock propertiesof intact specimens. This is especially true for strong rocks,greater than 7250 ps
27、i (50 MPa). Dimensional and surfacetolerance checks are required in the test methods listed inSection 2.1. To simplify test procedures in laboratories, theparts of those procedures that are common to the test methodsin Section 2.1 are given in this standard.4.2 This procedure is applicable to all th
28、e standards listed inSection 2.1. However, specimens for Test Method D2936 donot need to be machined or to meet the specified tolerances forflatness and parallelism.4.3 The moisture condition of the specimen at the time ofthe sample preparation can have a significant effect upon thestrength and defo
29、rmation characteristics of the rock. Goodpractice generally dictates that laboratory tests be made uponspecimens representative of field conditions. Thus, it followsthat the field moisture condition of the specimen should bepreserved until the time of the test. In some instances, however,there may b
30、e reasons for testing specimens at other moisturecontents, from saturation to dry. In any case, the moisturecontent of the test specimen should be tailored to the problemat hand. Excess moisture will affect the adhesion of resistancestrain gages, if used, and the accuracy of their performance.Adhesi
31、ves used to bond the rock to steel end pieces in thedirect tension test will also be affected adversely by excessmoisture.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by these practices isdependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used
32、. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing and sampling. Users of these practices are cautionedthat compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliableresults. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D
33、3740 providesa means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Support SurfaceA flat test surface which shall notdepart from a plane by more than 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm) uponwhich the cylindrical sides of a rock core test specimen may berolled and a V-block end of a rock core test specimen,d
34、isplacement gage assembly, or both, is placed, the toleranceof. Machinist grade, certified, granite blocks are commonlyused for support surfaces because they do not dent or rust.However, other materials may be used if they meet the criteriaof the procedure. The area of the support surface will depen
35、don the size of specimens to be prepared, however, a 12 in. 12in. (300 mm 300 mm) area will be sufficient for mostapplications.5.2 V-block (conformance tests)The V-block shall be ma-chinist quality with all bearing faces surfaces ground flat,smooth to within 0.0005 in. (13 m) and with a 90 includeda
36、ngle. The V-block shall have some means of securing thespecimen firmly in the V-block. The dimensions of the V-blockmust be such that it does not physically interfere with thedisplacement gage readings.5.3 Displacement Gage Assembly:2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
37、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D4543 08125.3.1 Dial or Electronic Displacem
38、ent GageThe sensitiv-ity of the displacement gage shall be at least 0.001 in. (0.02mm) for measurement of cylindrical surfaces. The measure-ment contact tip of the displacement gage shall be round inshape. A displacement gage readable to 0.0001 in. (0.002 mm)is required for measurements on the end s
39、urfaces.5.3.2 Dial or Electronic Displacement gage StandA standwith a base and vertically mounted rod with an adjustable gageholder to support the gage on the flat surface at the properheight for the specimen and to take measurements normal tothe flat surface. The side of the base can be machined fl
40、at sothat it may be used as a straight edge for taking measurementsas shown in Fig. 1 and described in Section 9.1.5.4 Feeler Gage Set25 or 26 leaf/blade set; 3 in. long by in. wide, and thicknesses beginning at 0.015 in. and endingat 0.025 in. or 25 or 26 leaf/blade set; 75-76 mm long by12.7-15 mm
41、wide, and thicknesses beginning at 0.04 mm andending at 1.00 mm.5.5 Surface GrinderA manual or automatic machinistssurface grinder equipped with a grinding wheel suited for thespecimen, a magnetic flat surface and a special V-block to holdthe sample during the grinding process. The apparatus is also
42、equipped to apply appropriate cooling and cutting agents (ifneeded) at the cutting surface to cool the grinding wheelsurface and wash away cuttings.5.6 V-Block (Grinder)A metal V-block for holding therock specimen in the surface grinder on the magnetic chuckand is configured so that the specimen can
43、 be rotated to grindboth ends without interfering with the grinding process.5.7 Diamond SawA rock saw equipped with a segmentedcircular diamond saw blade, with a moveable platform forholding and feeding the sample, perpendicular to the core axis,into the cutting surface of the blade. The moveable pl
44、atformmay be a manual or automatic feed. The apparatus is alsoequipped to apply appropriate cooling and cutting agents (ifneeded) at the cutting surface to cool the blade and wash awaycuttings.5.8 For Drilling Block Samples:5.8.1 A 10-horsepower drill, with a GFI (Ground FaultInterrupt) for electric
45、al powered drills.5.8.2 A thin walled diamond core barrel.5.8.3 A water swivel and adaptors for hooking up to thedrill.5.9 (Optional) Lapper.5.10 (Optional) Machinist Shaper.5.11 Machinist Calipers, or similar device, with vernier,digital, or dial readouts readable to 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) andlarge eno
46、ugh for the size of the specimens being measured.5.12 Miscellaneous Tools: machinist scribe and water proofmarkers.6. Samples6.1 Samples for preparing specimens can be either drillcores obtained directly from the in situ rock or obtained fromblock samples cored in the field or in the laboratory.6.2
47、Samples should be selected or obtained (or both) to meetthe objectives of the specific standard listed in 2.1 and the testprogram and any requirements related to anisotropic propertiesof the in situ material that are relevant to the intended use.7. Specimens7.1 Test specimens shall be right circular
48、 cylinders withinthe tolerances specified herein.7.2 The specimen shall have a length-to-diameter ratio(L/D) of 2.0 to 2.5 and a diameter of not less than 1-78 in. (47mm).7.2.1 The larger the internal friction angle of a specimen themore desirable it will be to have larger L/D ratios so that thespec
49、imen can potentially develop a true shear plane that doesnot pass through either end of the specimen or is not altered bythe specimen size.NOTE 3It is desirable that the diameter of rock test specimens be atleast ten times the diameter of the largest mineral grain. For weak rocktypes which behave more like soil (for example, weakly cementedsandstone), the specimen diameter should be at least six times themaximum particle diameter. It is considered that the specified minimumspecimen diameter of approximately 1-78 in. (47 mm) will satisfy thiscrit
