1、Designation: F1294 97a (Reapproved 2009)Standard Terminology Relating toAutomatic Identification Hard Copy Printing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The definitions in this terminology are those that relatedirectly or indirectly to business imaging hard c
3、opy printingused in automatic data-capture systems and the measurementof the quality thereof.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standard:ANSI X3.182 Guideline for Bar Code Print Quality3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:2D matrix symbolssee matrix symbols.2D stacked symbolssee multi-row symbols.2D (two-dime
4、nsional) symbol, na machine-readable sym-bol that must be examined both vertically and horizontally toread the entire message. Two-dimensional symbols may beof two types: matrix symbols and multi-row symbols.achieved width, nthe calculated bar or other element widthbased on measurements.AIAG, nan ab
5、breviation for the Automotive Industry ActionGroup; a standards body composed of representatives fromthe U.S. automobile industry responsible for the develop-ment of a common automotive industry standard relating tosymbol technologies and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).AIM, nan acronym for the Au
6、tomatic Identification Manu-facturers; a trade association of automatic identificationsuppliers.angle of incidence, nthe angle between an incident ray andthe normal to a surface at the point of contact. Whenreferring to a scanner reading a printed symbol, the anglebetween the light source scanner be
7、am and the symbolposition.aspect ratio, nin a bar code symbol, the ratio of bar heightto symbol length.autodiscrimination, nthe ability of a symbol reader toautomatically recognize and decode multiple symbologies.bar, none of two types of elements comprising a bar codesymbol. An element of a bar cod
8、e symbol whose reflectanceis less than the Global Threshold.bar code, nan array of parallel rectangular marks and spacesin a predetermined pattern.bar code density, nthe number of characters that can berepresented in a lineal inch. (See symbol density).bar code label, nan adhesive-backed carrier bea
9、ring printedbar code information suitable for a affixing to an apparatus,equipment, or container surface.bar code readersee bar code scanner.bar code scanner, na device used to identify and decode abar code symbol.bar code symbol, nan array of rectangular bars and spaces,arranged in a predetermined
10、pattern, following specific rulesthat represent elements of data referred to as characters.DISCUSSIONTypical bar code symbols contain a leading quiet zone,start character, data characters, check characters (if any), stop characterand a trailing quiet zone. Examples are: UPC code, Code 11, Code 39,Co
11、de 128, 2 of 5 code and Codabar.bar height, nthe dimension of a symbol element perpendicu-lar to its width.bar reflectance (Rb), nthe smallest reflectance value in abar.bar width, nthe thickness of a bar measured from the edgeclosest to the symbol start character to the trailing edge ofthe same bar.
12、bar width ratio, nin symbologies having two widths, theratio of the widest to the narrowest width within the bar codesymbol. (See also wide to narrow ratio.)bar width reduction, na diminution of the nominal barwidth dimension on film masters or printing plates tocompensate for systematic errors in s
13、ome printing processes.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 onBusiness Imaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.01on Nomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last
14、 previous edition approved in 2003 as F1294 97a(2003).DOI: 10.1520/F129497AR09.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM Int
15、ernational (www.astm.org) for the latest information1base side, adjwhen referring to a film master, the nonimagebearing side (See also the reverse, emulsion side.)bearer bars, nsolid lines that are located at the perimeter ofsome bar code symbols whose purpose is to reduce partial,incorrect scans an
16、d support the printing plate. Bearer bars donot contain information.bi-directional, adjin reference to bar codes, symbologiesthat may be decoded whether scanned in one direction or thereverse direction.charge coupled device, CCD, nan array (linear or matrix) oftransductive elements wherein packets o
17、f electrons are set ineach element as a result of the quantity of light receivedduring an exposure interval, and where these packets arerecovered from the array in the form of a pulse height-modulated electric signal.characters, nin bar code symbols, the smallest group ofelements that represent one
18、or more numbers, letters, punc-tuation marks or other information.character set, nthose characters available for encodation ina particular automatic identification technology.check character, na calculated character included within asymbol whose value is used to perform a mathematicalcheck of the ac
19、curacy of the decoded data.clear area, na space containing no dark marks, whichprecedes the start character of a symbol and which followsthe stop character. Also, the region of a document reservedfor OCR characters and the required unmarked space aroundthese characters. (See also quiet zone.)code de
20、nsity, nthe number of characters that can appear perunit of length, usually expressed as characters per inch (cpi).code medium, nthe material used to construct a machine-readable code; such materials may be retroreflective, lumi-nescent, magnetic, opaque, transponder or conductive.code set, nthe spe
21、cific assignment of data characters tosymbol characters.code word, nin reference to bar codes, an arrangement ofbars and spaces used to communicate one or more datacharacters.concatenation, nthe linking or chaining together of eitherseparate items of data in a bar code symbol, or of the datacontaine
22、d in two or more separate bar code symbols (alsoreferred to as “message append”).compliance indicator, na specified string of three charactersindicating that the message which follows conforms to therequirements of a particular standard.contact scanner, na bar code reader that requires physicalconta
23、ct between the code medium and the scanner.continuous bar code, na bar code symbology where allspaces within the symbol are parts of characters and nointer-character spaces are present.contrast, nthe difference in reflectance between dark barsand light spaces of a bar code symbol.data element, na si
24、ngle, atomic piece of data that cannot besubdivided and still retain any meaning.data identifier, DI, na specified character, or string ofcharacters, that define the intended use of the data elementsthat follow.decoder, nas part of the two-dimensional symbol and linearbar code reading systems, the e
25、lectronic package thatreceives the signals from the scanner, executes the algorithmto interpret the signals into meaningful data, and acts as theinterface to other devices.delta code, nin encoding information in a one-dimensionalmedium, intervals that are subdivided into modules that areassigned val
26、ues of “1” or “0” where “1s” are bars and “0s”are spaces. Examples are UPC, Code 128, Code 93 and Code49.density, nin printed symbologies, the number of data char-acters that can be contained in a given unit of measure.Linear bar code density is expressed in characters per inch(CPI) and two-dimensio
27、nal symbol density is expressed incharacters per square inch (CPSI).depth of field, nin bar code reading, the difference betweenthe minimum and maximum distance from the aperture ofthe reader to the symbol throughout which the bar code canbe accurately interpreted.diagnostic verifier, na device that
28、 automatically evaluatesthe quality of a film master or a printed code by comparingthe observed information to a standard for the printedsymbol.diffuse reflection, nthe component of reflected light thatemanates uniformly in all directions from the reflectingsurface.dirt, nwhen referenced for scannin
29、g purposes, the presenceof non-reflective foreign particles embedded in a substrate.discrete bar code, na bar code symbol in which theintercharacter space is not part of the code and is allowed tovary dimensionally within wider tolerances than those speci-fied for bars and spaces. An example would b
30、e Code 39.EAN International, nabbreviation for the (European) Inter-national Article Numbering Association.EAN symbology, nsymbologies specified by the Interna-tional Article Numbering Association, EAN International.edge contrast, EC, nthe difference between the spacereflectance (Rs) and the adjoini
31、ng bar reflectance (Rb)ascalculated by the equation: EC = Rs Rb.edge-to-edge symbologies, na bar code scheme that can bedecoded using edge-to-similar-edge measurements, such asfrom the start of one bar to the start of another or from theend of one bar to the end of another. Examples are Code 93,Code
32、 128, Code 49 and Code 16K.F1294 97a (2009)2Electronic Industries Association, EIA , nan abbreviationfor a standards organization in the United States specializingin the electrical and functional characteristics of interfaceequipment.electronic data interchange, EDI, nthe communication ofdata betwee
33、n business trading partners accomplished in astandard format and syntax.element, nin coded symbologies, a single bar or space inlinear or stacked configurations or a single cell in matrix(2-D) configurations.element edge, nthe location where the scan reflectanceprofile intersects the midpoint betwee
34、n the space reflectance(Rs) and bar reflectance (Rb) of adjoining elements.element width, nthe thickness of an element measured fromthe leading edge of an element to the trailing edge of thesame element. (See X dimension.)emulsion side, nthe image-bearing side of a film master.(See also the opposite
35、 base side.)erasure correction, na use of error correction characters tocorrect data errors that have unknown locations.DISCUSSIONOnly one error correction character is required tocorrect each erasure.error correction, nuse of error correction characters tolocate and correct data errors that have un
36、known locations.DISCUSSIONTwo error correction characters are required to correcteach error (one to locate the error and the second to correct thecharacters data).error correction characters, nspecial symbol charactersthat are calculated mathematically from other symbol char-acters for the purpose o
37、f error correction, error detection orerasure correction.error detection, nuse of error correction characters todetermine that the number of errors in the symbol exceedsthe error correction capacity.DISCUSSIONError detection prevents the symbol from being de-coded as erroneous data.error correction
38、level, nan indicator of the number of errorcorrection characters in a symbol.field of view, nthe lineal dimension defining the length of abar code that can be read in one scan, particularly significantin moving beam and array technologies.filler character, na character inserted to extend an item ofd
39、ata to achieve a desired length. (See also pad character.)film master, na master negative or positive film transparencyof a specific bar code symbol from which a printing plate ismade.finder patterns, na unique pattern, containing no data, thatis specific to each symbology, whose purpose is to locat
40、e thesymbol within the readers field of view.fixed beam scanner, neither a visible light or laser scannerreading in a set plane.fixed mount reader, na bar code reader that is mounted in astationary fashion to intersect the plane of a bar code symbolpassing before the reader. Often employed in convey
41、or andtransport systems.flux, nthe combining of photons of light energy to createradiant power.DISCUSSIONLuminous flux or visible light energy, ranges from 390to 770 nm. Radiant flux encompasses all light energy in the opticalspectrumultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths.global threshold, G
42、T, nthe reflectance level that discrimi-nates bars from spaces in a scan reflectance profile.DISCUSSIONThe global threshold is established through the middleof a profile at a constant reflectance value. The reflectance value isdetermined by dividing the symbol contrast (SC) by 2 and adding theminimu
43、m reflectance, Rmin according to the equation:GT 5 Rmin1SC/2! (1)haloing, na shadow effect around the entire printed segmentor around the leading edge of a printed segment caused byexcessive pressure between the printing plate and the printedsurface.hand-held scanner, na scanner held and operated by
44、 ahuman, thus enabling the scanner to be brought to thesymbol.highlighting lines, nin label printing, horizontal, thick,divider lines placed above and below the package identifi-cation building block.horizontal bar code, na bar code symbol presented in sucha manner that its overall length dimension
45、is parallel to thehorizon; also called, picket fence.human-readable interpretation, nthe letters, digits or othercharacters associated with specific symbol characters andprinted along with the linear bar code or two-dimensionalsymbol.image processing, ntechniques for filtering, storing andretrieving
46、 images, and for processing pictorial informationby computer.incident irradiation, nthe amount of flux per unit area thatis normal (perpendicular) to a surface or detector.DISCUSSIONIf the flux is not normal (not perpendicular), then thecomponent of the angular flux is the incidence. In radiometric
47、terms,incidence is called radiant incidence or irradiance. Irradiance (Ee) ismeasured in watts per square metre using the formula Ee = W/m2.ink fill-in, nexpansion of a mark beyond specified toler-ances.inspection band, nan area of the bar code symbol wheremeasurements are taken spanning from 10 to
48、90 % of theaverage bar height.intensity, nthe amount of radiant or luminous flux per unitsolid angle that diverges from a light source.intercharacter space, nthe space between the last bar of onecharacter and the first bar of the next that separates twoadjacent characters. Also called intercharacter
49、 gap.F1294 97a (2009)3label, na piece of paper, cloth, polymer, metal, or othermaterial affixed to something and indicating its contents,destination, or other information.ladder codeSee vertical bar code.laser marking, netching of data by lasers that directly marka surface such as metal, wood, and fiberboard.laser scanner, nan optical bar code reading device using alow energy laser light beam as its source of illumination.light pen, nin a bar code system, a handheld sc
