1、Designation: D1356 17Standard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating tosampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience togeneral interest, it contain
3、s most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the a
4、pplicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard
5、-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the A
6、mbientAtmosphereD3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D
7、22D3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements(Withdrawn 2002)
8、3D4096 Test Method for Determination of Total SuspendedParticulate Matter in theAtmosphere (HighVolume Sam-pler Method)D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inWorkplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-tablish TraceabilityD4597 Practic
9、e for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres toCollect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent DiffusiveSamplersD5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors UsingTransfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet DepositionSamples by Electrometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining th
10、e Performance of aCup Anemometer or Propeller AnemometerD5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-UrbanLocationsD5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-mance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAna
11、lysisD5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Method-ology)D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-ture by Acoustic MeansD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscop
12、yfor Asbestos Structure Number Surface LoadingD6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respi-rable Aerosol Samplers1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approv
13、ed Nov. 15, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D1356 15b. DOI:10.1520/D1356-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
14、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international
15、standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D
16、6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Param-eters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions forMonitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in AirD6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of DiffusiveSamplersD6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors inWeighing Collected Aeroso
17、lsD6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in WorkplaceAir Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometryD7036 Practice for Competence of Air Emission TestingBodiesD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7338 Guide
18、for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Build-ingsD7391 Test Method for Categorization and Quantification ofAirborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial ImpactionSample by Optical MicroscopyD7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Air-borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spe
19、ctrometryD7459 Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for theSpeciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-DerivedCarbon Dioxide Emitted from Stationary EmissionsSourcesD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metalsand Metalloids for Worker ProtectionD7675 Test Method for Determinati
20、on of Total Hydrocar-bons in Hydrogen by FID-Based Total Hydrocarbon(THC) AnalyzerE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous SolutionsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE1613 Test Me
21、thod for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples UsingWipe Sampling Methods for
22、Subsequent Lead Determi-nation2.2 Other Documents:ECC Directive 98/24/EC Risks Related to Chemical Agentsat Work4EN 1540:2011 Workplace Exposure Terminology5EPA 540-R-04-004, 2004 Contract Laboratory Program Na-tional Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review6ISO 3534-2 Statistics Vocabulary a
23、nd Symbols Part 2:Applied Statistics7ISO 7708 Air Quality Particle Size Fraction Definitions forHealth-Related Sampling7ISO 13137 Workplace Atmospheres Pumps for PersonalSampling of Chemical and Biological Agents Require-ments and Test Methods7ISO 15202-2 WorkplaceAir Determination of Metals andMeta
24、lloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry Part 2:Sample Preparation7ISO 15202-3 WorkplaceAir Determination of Metals andMetalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry Part 3:Analysis73. Terminolo
25、gyabsolute temperaturesee temperature.absolute filtersee filter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of thereciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process ofabsorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one m
26、aterial (the absorbent)takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the forma-tion of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of asolution.DISCUSSIONChemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-tion.acceptance angle (6, deg), nthe angular distance, centeredon the array axis of symmetry
27、, over which the followingconditions are met: (a) wind components are unambiguouslydefined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructedor remains within the angular range for which transducershadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capabilityof a
28、 testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, incertain specific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increase in sizeof particles by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated bya specific procedure to the assumed or
29、 accepted true valueand includes both precision and bias. D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance be-tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properlyconditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has bee
30、n retained by the process ofadsorption.4Available from EUR-Lex, http:/eur-lex.europa.eu.5Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.6Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clint
31、on Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.D1356 172adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorp-tion
32、 takes place.adsorption, na physical process in which molecules of gas,of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremelythin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they arein contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseousmedium.agency, nan organizatio
33、n or part of an organization engagedin the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion wherebythe particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 %relative humidity, 25C and 101.3
34、kPa (77F and 760 mmHg). See also atmosphere.air emission testing body, na company or other entity thatconducts Air Emission Testing. D7036air pollution, nthe presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material insufficient concentrations, present for
35、 a sufficient time, and undercircumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfareof persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can beexpressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.anal
36、ytical recovery, nratio of the mass of analyte measuredto the known mass of analyte in the sample, typicallyexpressed as a percentage. D7439analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to performautomatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physicaland chemical properties and giving either
37、 cyclic or continu-ous output signal. D3249analyzer system, nall sampling, analyzing, and readoutinstrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-sis automatically. D3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a givenrange of an analyzer. D3249lag time, nthe time interval from a st
38、ep change in the inputconcentration at the analyzer inlet to the first correspondingchange in the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity, nthe maximum deviation between an actualanalyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight linedrawn between upper and lower calibration points.DISCUSSIONT
39、his deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.D3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentrationthat can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.D3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not causedby sample concentration changes. D3249open path analyzer, na
40、n analytical system that measuresthe average atmospheric or emission compound concentrationalong one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the analyze
41、r will meet all performance specifications.D3249operating temperature range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the monitor will meet all performance specifications.D3249operational period, nthe period of time over which theanalyzer can be expect
42、ed to operate unattended withinspecifications. D3249output, na signal that is related to the measurement, andintended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249r
43、ange, nthe concentration region between the minimumand maximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation, noutput meters, recorder, or dataacquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249response time, nthe time interval from a step change in theinput concentration at the analyzer i
44、nlet to an output reading of90 % of the ultimate reading. D3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system, nequipment necessary to provide theanalyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period, usually 24 h of
45、unadjusted continuous operation,when the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscalevalue.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period of unadjusted cont
46、inuous operation when the inputconcentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period.See also point analyzer. D3249analyzer systemsee analyzer.area samplersee static sampler.area samplingsee static sampling.arrester, na term for an air cleaning d
47、evice.aspect ratio, nratio of the length of a particle to its width.adapted from D5755aspirated psychrometersee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump,or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by suction.atmosphere, nthe gaseous envelope which surrounds theeart
48、h and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air.See also air at normal conditions.D1356 173synthetic atmosphere, na specific gaseous mass containingany number of constituents and in any proportion produced fora special purpose.backdrafting, nthe reversal of the normal (upward) direc-tion o
49、f air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the ventedappliance is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the methodaverage value or the measured value from an accepted value.D3670laboratory bias, nsystematic differences between the truevalue and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, andfaulty manipulations, for example. D3670method b
