1、Designation: D2162 17Standard Practice forBasic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity OilStandards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscom-eters and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used tocal
3、ibrate routine viscometers as described in Test MethodD445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from15 C to 100 C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constan
4、ts and kine-matic viscosities are mm2/s2and mm2/s, respectively.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
5、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International St
6、andards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D446 Specifications and O
7、perating Instructions for GlassCapillary Kinematic ViscometersD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1590 Test Method for Surface Te
8、nsion of WaterE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bathas a Reference TemperatureE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-mometersE1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum ResistanceTher-mometersE1750 Guide for
9、Use of Water Triple Point CellsE2593 Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Plati-num Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 3666 Viscosity of Water3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT) , nan electronicdevice co
10、nsisting of a digital display and associated tempera-ture sensing probe.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis device consists of a temperaturesensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrumentmeasures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and
11、provides a digital output. This digital output goes to a digitaldisplay and/or recording device that may be internal or externalto the device. These devices are sometimes referred to as“digital thermometers.”3.1.1.2 DiscussionPET is an acronym for portable elec-tronic thermometers, a subset of digit
12、al contact thermometers(DCT).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 basic calibration, ncalibration based on the primarystandard, water.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
13、 of Subcom-mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2162 14. DOI:10.1520/D2162-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
14、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section a
15、ppears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin
16、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.1.1 DiscussionPure water has a kinematic viscosity of1.0034 mm2/s at 20 C. See ISO 3666.3.2.2 master viscometer, nglass capillary v
17、iscometer witha liquid driving head of at least 400 mm.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIt is specially designed to minimizeerrors due to surface tension, kinetic energy, and capillary endeffects.3.2.3 viscosity oil standard, nstable Newtonian liquid, thekinematic viscosity of which has been related to the kinemat
18、icviscosity of water through the step-up procedure described inthis practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Two or more master viscometers, having calibrationconstants in the 0.001 mm2/s2to 0.003 mm2/s2range, arecalibrated with water at 20 C.The kinematic viscosities of twoor more oil standards are measu
19、red at 40 C in these twomaster viscometers. Corrections are made for buoyancy and,where necessary, for temperature and surface tension.4.2 Athird master viscometer, with a calibration constant of0.003 mm2/s2to 0.009 mm2/s2, is then calibrated at 40 C withthe two standard oils and its calibration fac
20、tor calculated atstandard conditions for water at 20 C. In like manner addi-tional viscosity oil standards and additional master viscometersare calibrated at 40 C using the average results from at leasttwo master viscometers or two oil standards. Steps betweensuccessive calibration constants or visc
21、osities increase by afactor of three or less until the desired viscosity range iscovered.4.3 Oils are calibrated at other temperatures using theaverage result from at least two master viscometers.5. Significance and Use5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscositydifferences, or both,
22、 between the primary standard (7.4) andkinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures usingmaster viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kine-matic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematicviscosities of oil standards.5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to thi
23、spractice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers inaccordance with Specifications D446.5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice,an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordancewith Specifications D446.6. Apparatus6.1 Master Viscometers: Cannon4or Ubbelohd
24、e5TypeAcceptable viscometers are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.Twomasters are required with calibration constants in the0.001 mm2/s2to 0.003 mm2/s2range. Additional masters havefactors increasing in three-fold steps.6.2 Temperature Measuring DevicesUse either a digitalcontact thermometer (DCT) or a liq
25、uid-in-glass thermometermeeting the requirements in 6.2.1 or 6.2.1.1 respectively:6.2.1 Digital Contact ThermometerA device conformingto Guide E2877 Class A and meeting or exceeding thefollowing additional requirements:(1) The only acceptable sensors are resistance temperaturedevices (RTD) or high p
26、recision thermistors. However astandard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) is prefer-able.(2) Meeting Class A requirements of Guide E2877 prefer-ably with a minimum display resolution of 0.001 C.(3) A combined (display and probe) accuracy of 67mK(0.007 C) at a 95 % confidence level over intended
27、 range ofuse.(4) A response time of less than 25 s as defined inSpecification E1137.(5) Linearity of less than 7 mK (0.007 C) over the range oftemperatures to be measured.(6) Both the temperature sensor and measurement bridgecomponents of the DCT shall have a report of temperaturecalibration from a
28、calibration laboratory with a demonstratedcompetency in temperature calibration traceable to a nationalcalibration or metrology standards body.(7) The calibration report shall include data for the series oftest points which are appropriate for the range of intended use.(8) If the DCT display unit (m
29、easuring instrument such asa bridge) is calibrated separate from the probe, it should becalibrated annually.6.2.1.1 The DCT probe is to be immersed by more than itsminimum immersion depth in a constant temperature bath sothat the center of the probes sensing region is at the same levelas the lower h
30、alf of the working capillary provided the probesminimum immersion depth is met. The end of the probessheath shall not extend past the bottom of the viscometerslower reservoir.NOTE 1With respect to DCT probe immersion depth, a procedure isavailable in Test Methods E644, Section 7, for determining the
31、 minimumdepth. With respect to an ice bath, Practice E563 provides guidance on thepreparation of an ice bath however variance from the specific steps ispermitted provided preparation is consistent as it is being used to trackchange in calibration.6.2.1.2 Verify the calibration at least annually. The
32、 probeshall be recalibrated when the check value differs by more than0.01 C from the last probe calibration. Verification can beaccomplished with the use of a water triple point cell, an icebath or other suitable constant temperature device which has aknown temperature value of suitable precision. S
33、ee PracticeE563, Guide E1750, and Guide E2593 for more informationregarding checking calibrations.6.2.2 Liquid-in-Glass ThermometerKinematic viscositythermometers having a range from 18.5 C to 21.5 C, or38.5 C to 41.5 C, and conforming to the requirements forThermometers 44C and 120C, as prescribed
34、in SpecificationE1, and calibrated to 65 mK (0.005 C). The thermometershall have a report of temperature calibration from a calibrationlaboratory with a demonstrated competency in temperaturecalibration traceable to a national calibration or metrologystandards body.4Cannon, M. R., “Viscosity Measure
35、ment, Master Viscometers,” Industrial andEngineering Chemistry. Analytical Edition, Vol 16, 1944, p. 708.5Ubbelohde, L., “The Suspended Lever Viscometer,” Journal Institute Petro-leum Technologists (London), Vol 22, 1936, p. 37.D2162 1726.2.2.1 Calibration CheckVerify the thermometer at leastannuall
36、y against a reference thermometer in a constant tem-perature bath or an ice bath. The thermometer is to be insertedto its immersion depth. If using an ice bath, the ice pointreading is to be taken within 60 min after the thermometer hasbeen at test temperature for at least 3 min. If the correctedtem
37、perature reading deviates more than the calibration toler-ance from the reference thermometer or the ice point thenrepeat this calibration check. If the thermometer deviates fromthe reference value on two successive checks then a fullthermometer recalibration is needed.6.2.2.2 RecalibrationA complet
38、e recalibration of theliquid-in-glass thermometer, while permitted, is not necessaryin order to meet the accuracy ascribed to liquid-in-glassthermometers design until the thermometers corrected mea-sured temperature deviates from the reference thermometer orice point by one scale division, or until
39、five years has elapsedsince the last full calibration.6.3 BathA thermostated bath containing water or othertransparent liquid deep enough to immerse the master viscom-eters so that the upper fiducial mark is at least 50 mm below thesurface. The efficiency of stirring and the balance between heatloss
40、 and input must be such that the temperature of the waterdoes not vary by more than 60.01 C over the length of theviscometer or from one viscometer position to another. Theworking section of the bath should be shielded from directradiation from heaters and lights. A standard platinum resis-tance the
41、rmometer, approximately 450 mm in length, may beused to ensure that the variation in temperature does not exceed60.01 C. Firm supports should be provided to hold the masterviscometer in a rigid and reproducible position within 015 min of vertical.6.4 TimerA spring-wound, electric, or digital timer c
42、a-pable of measuring time intervals of 300 s to 10 000 s with anaccuracy of 60.03 %. The stop watch, fully but not tightlywound, must be used and tested in the same position. Forexample, if used at 45 inclination, it should have been testedpreviously in that position. Electric, not electronic, timer
43、s mustbe operated on circuits, the frequencies of which are controlled.Commercial power sources, the frequencies of which areintermittently and not continuously controlled, are not satisfac-tory. Both mechanical and electric timers can be sensitive toabnormally low ambient temperature and should not
44、 be usedwhen cold.NOTE 2Time signals as broadcast by the National Institute ofStandards and Technology are a convenient and primary standard refer-ence for calibrating timing devices. The following can be used:WWV Fort Collins, CO (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20) MHzWWVH Kauai, HI (2.5, 5, 10, 15) MHzCHU Ottawa
45、, Canada (3.33, 7.335, 14.67) MHzFIG. 1 Cannon Master ViscometerD2162 173FIG. 2 Ubbelohde Master ViscometerD2162 174Radio broadcast of voice and audio on a telephone line at phonenumber: 303-499-7111. Additional time services are available from theNational Institute of Standards and Technology.6.4.1
46、 The timer shall be calibrated at least every 12 months.NOTE 3A laboratorys measurement uncertainty is dependent on theperformance of the apparatus used. The uncertainty can be improved(decreased) by using equipment that exceeds (smaller tolerance) theminimum requirements shown in Section 6 as will
47、rigorous maintenanceof the equipment.7. Reagents7.1 Acetone, reagent grade. (WarningExtremely flam-mable.)7.2 Chromic Acid Cleaning Solution Carefully pour 1 Lofconcentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, relative density 1.84) into35 mL of a saturated solution of technical grade sodiumdichromate (Na2Cr2O7)
48、in water. Strongly oxidizing acidcleaning solutions containing no chromium6may be substi-tuted to avoid disposal problems of chromium-containingsolutions. (WarningCauses severe burns.)7.3 Petroleum Spirit, or other solvent completely misciblewith petroleum oils. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harm-ful.)
49、7.4 Primary Standard Water, deionized or distilled, thendistilled fresh the same day of use. Store in a glass-stopperedchromic acid-cleaned bottle of borosilicate glass. See Specifi-cation D1193.7.5 Viscosity Oil StandardsStable petroleum oils selectedto cover the desired kinematic viscosity range. They should betransparent and have vapor pressures below 10 mmHg at40 C. Store away from heat and light in suitable containers,preferably glass.8. Calibration of Master Viscometers with Water at20 C8.1 Maintain t
