1、Systems Analysis and Design 5th Edition Chapter 11. Moving into Implementation,Roberta Roth, Alan Dennis, and Barbara Haley Wixom,11-0, Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,Chapter 11 Outline,Managing the programming process. Testing. Developing documentation., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, In
2、c.,11-1,INTRODUCTION,The implementation phase consists of developing and testing the systems software, documentation, and new operating procedures. Managing the programming process is the major task of the systems analyst in this phase. While programmers work on programming, the systems analyst desi
3、gn a variety of tests to ensure that the system does what it was designed to do. During this phase, the systems analysts finalize the system documentation and develop the user documentation., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-2,MANAGING THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS,The project managers tasks duri
4、ng the process of programming: - assigning programming tasks,- coordinating the activities, and- managing the programming schedule., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-3,Assigning Programming Tasks,The project manager first groups together modules that are related, and then assigns the groups
5、 of modules to programmers on the basis of their experience and skill level. The project manager must deal with a mismatch between the available programming skills and the programming skills that are needed for the project. The best size of programming team is the smallest feasible one that can func
6、tion as independent as possible., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-4,Coordinating Activities,Coordination can be done through both high-tech and low-tech means. The simplest approach is to have a weekly project meeting. Another important method is to create and follow standards. Many projec
7、t teams set up three “areas” for programmers: development area, testing area, and production area., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-5,(contd),Implement change control techniques:- keeping files and programs in different places according to completion status,- using a program log to keep tr
8、ack of program changes. Many CASE tools are set up to track the status of programs and help manage programmers., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-6,Managing the Schedule,The initial time estimates must be refined as the project progresses during construction. One of the most common causes f
9、or schedule problems is scope creep. Another common cause is unnoticed day-by-day slippages in the schedule. Typically, a project manager will create risk assessment that tracks potential risks that have an impact on the schedule and costs., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-7,(contd),Classi
10、c Implementation Mistakes: 1. Research-oriented development. 2. Using “low-cost” personnel. 3. Lack of code control. 4. Inadequate testing., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-8,TESTING,The attention paid to testing is justified by the high costs associated with downtime and failures caused b
11、y software bugs., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-9,Test Planning,Testing starts with the testers developing a test plan that defines a series of tests that will be conducted. A test plan describes a set of very specific test cases to examine, and defines the expected results. The tester d
12、evelops a series of test cases to ensure that the quality of programs is validated. There are four general stages of tests: unit tests, integration tests, system tests, and acceptance tests., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-10,(contd),Test plan, Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-11
13、,(contd),Each of the functions is a separate module that needs to be tested, Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-12,(contd), Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-13,Error Discovery Rates for Different Stages of Tests,(contd),Types of Tests, Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-14,Uni
14、t Tests,Unit tests focus on one unit a program or a program module that performs a specific function that can be tested. There are two approaches to unit testing:- Black-box testing The test plan is developed directly from the program specification.- White-box testing The tester reviews the actual p
15、rogram code., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-15,Integration Tests,Integration tests assess whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error. There are four approaches to integration testing:- user interface testing,- use scenario testing,- data flow testing
16、, and- system interface testing., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-16,System Tests,System tests are usually conducted by the systems analysts to ensure that all modules and programs work together without error. System tests examine- how well the system meets business requirements,- usabilit
17、y,- security,- performance under heavy load, and- systems documentation., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-17,Acceptance Tests,Acceptance tests are done primarily by the users. The goal of acceptance tests is to confirm that the system is complete, meets the business needs, and is acceptabl
18、e to the users. Acceptance testing is done in two stages:- alpha testing - users test the system using made-up data, - beta testing users begin to use the system with real data and carefully monitor the system for errors., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-18,DEVELOPING DOCUMENTATION,There a
19、re two fundamentally different types of documentation:- system documentation is intended to help programmers and systems analysts understand the system and enable them to build it or maintain it;- user documentation is designed to help the user operate the system., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons,
20、Inc.,11-19,(contd),User documentation should not be left until the end of the project. Time required to develop and test user documentation should be built into project plan. On-line documentation is becoming the predominant form., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-20,(contd),There are four
21、key strengths of online documentation:- Searching for information is simpler.- The same information can be presented in many different formats.- It enables the user to interact with the documentation in many new ways.- It is significantly less expensive than paper documentation., Copyright 2011 John
22、 Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-21,Types of User Documentation,There are three fundamentally different types of user documentation:- Reference Documents are designed to be used when the user needs to learn how to perform a specific function.- Procedural Manuals describe how to perform business task.- Tutoria
23、ls teach people how to use major components of the system., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-22,Designing Documentation Structure,The general structure used in online documentation is to develop a set of documentation navigation controls that lead the user to documentation topics.There are
24、five general types of navigation controls for topics: table of contents, index, text search, intelligent agent, and Web-like links., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-23,(contd),Organizing Online Reference Documents, Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-24,Writing Documentation Topics,T
25、opics start with clear titles, followed by introductory text that define the topic, and then provide detailed, step-by-step instructions. Many topics include screen images and “show me” examples. Most also include navigation controls to enable movement among topics. Some also have links to related t
26、opics., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-25,(contd), Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-26,A Help Topic in Microsoft Word,(contd), Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-27,Guidelines for Crafting Documentation Topics,Identifying Navigation Terms,Navigation terms are used to help
27、users find topics. Terms for the index and search engine can come from four distinct sources:- The set of the commands in the user interface;- The set of major concepts in the system (e.g., data entities);- The set of business tasks the user performs;- The set of synonyms for the three sets of items
28、 mentioned above., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-28,SUMMARY,Managing programming- The project manager assigns tasks to the programmers, coordinates the program development, manages the schedule, and adjusts the schedule. Testing- A test plan contains several tests.- A test specifies seve
29、ral test cases.- Four types of tests: unit tests, integration tests, system tests, and acceptance tests. Documentation- User documentation and system documentation are moving towards online documentation.- Three types of user documentation: reference documents, manuals, and tutorials., Copyright 201
30、1 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-29,Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for fur
31、ther information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein., Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,11-30,
