1、Systems Techniques and Documentation,Use of Systems Techniques in Systems Development,What are the three phases of a systems development project? Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation,Systems Analysis,Systems analysis involves collecting and organizing facts. Systems techniques assi
2、st the analyst in performing these tasks. What are some of these techniques? matrix techniques logical data flow diagrams,Systems Implementation,Systems implementation involves the actual carrying out of the design plan. Documentation is one of the most important parts of systems implementation. Wha
3、t systems techniques serve as a documentation tool? program flowcharts decision tables,Systems Techniques,What is a flowchart? A flowchart is a symbolic diagram that shows the data flow and sequence of operations in a system. Flowcharts are probably the most common systems technique.,Basic Symbols,I
4、nput/Output,Process,Flowline,Annotation,Specialized Input/Output Symbols,Punched Card,On-Line Storage,Magnetic Tape,Magnetic Disk,Punched Tape,Specialized Input/Output Symbols,Document,Manual Input,Display,Communication Link,Off-Line Storage,Specialized Process Symbols,Decision,Predefined Process,Pr
5、eparation,Manual Operation,Auxiliary Operation,Merge,Extract,Sort,Collate,Additional Symbols,Connector,Off-page Connector,Terminal,Parallel Mode,Transmittal Tape,Symbol Use in Flowcharting,Symbols are used in a flowchart to represent the functions of an information or other type of system. Normal di
6、rection of flow is from left to right and top to bottom. Open arrowheads should be used on reverse-direction flowlines,Symbol Use in Flowcharting,Invoice,Review and Approve,Approved Invoice,Normal Direction of Flow,Symbol Use in Flowcharting,Invoice,Review and Approve,Approved Invoice,Reverse Flow S
7、hown with Arrowheads,Symbol Use in Flowcharting,Use of Connector Symbol,Requisition,Requisition,Purchasing,Stores,A,A,Symbol Use in Flowcharting,Requisition,Purchase Order,Vendor Files,Bidirectional Flow Shown with Arrowheads,Prepare Purchase Order and Update Vendor Files,Learning Objective,Define c
8、ommon systems techniques, such as HIPO charts, systems flowcharts, and logical data flow diagrams.,IPO and HIPO Charts,These charts are used primarily by systems development personnel. At the most general level of analysis only the basic input-process-output relations in a system are of concern. Add
9、itional processing detail is provided by hierarchy plus input-process-output.,IPO Chart,Payroll job record Payroll master file,Accumulate hours worked Find correct pay rate Compute gross pay,Gross pay records Payroll master file Error messages,Author: Mr. Foxx Chart Number: 3.1,System: Payroll Descr
10、iption: Calculate Gross Pay,Date: 6/9/0X,Input,Process,Output,Hierarchy Chart,Payroll System,Data Preparation,Processing,Review,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,Hierarchy Chart,Calculate Gross Pay,Calculate Net Pay,Accumulate Hours Worked,Find Correct Pay Rate,Compute Gross Pay,3.1,3.2,3.11,3.12,3.13,Each numbered m
11、odule would be detailed in an IPO chart.,Systems and Program Flowcharts,A systems flowchart identifies the overall or broad flow of operations in a system. The focus of systems flowcharting concerns media and processing functions rather than the detailed logic of individual processing functions.,Log
12、ical Data Flow Diagram Symbols,Terminator,Process,Data Store,Data Flow,Data Flow Diagram,Timekeeping,Process Payroll Data,Employees,Payroll Data,Data Flow Diagram,Timekeeping,Verify Payroll Data P1,Employee Data,Payroll Data,Current Status,Data Valid,Valid Payroll Data,Data Flow Diagram,Employee Dat
13、a,Valid Payroll Data,Calculate PayP2,Data to Process,Employees,Paychecks,Net Pay and Deductions,Data Flow Diagram,Employees,Compute Net Pay,Net Pay and Deductions,Paychecks,Update Employee Files,Process Payroll Journal,Current Amounts,Details,Journal Data,Analytic, Document, and Forms Distribution F
14、lowcharts,An analytic flowchart identifies all significant processing in an application, emphasizing processing tasks that apply controls. In an analytic flowchart the flow of processing is depicted using symbols connected with flowlines.,Analytic, Document, and Forms Distribution Flowcharts,A docum
15、ent flowchart is similar in format to an analytic flowchart but contains less detail about the processing functions of each entity shown on the chart. The only symbol used in a document flowchart is the document symbol.,Analytic, Document, and Forms Distribution Flowcharts,The forms distribution cha
16、rt illustrates the distribution of multiple copy forms with an organization. The emphasis is on who gets what forms rather than on how these forms are processed.,Analytic Flowchart,Approve Vendor List,Prepare Quotation,Select Vendors,Request for Quotation,Request for Quotation,Purchasing Suppliers,A
17、nalytic Flowchart,Prepare Purchase Order,Select Bid,Quotations,Purchasing Suppliers,Quotations,Purchase Order,Purchase Order,Document Flowchart,Controller Vice President Manufacturing,Purchase Requisition2,Accounts Payable Purchasing Agent Receiving Stores,2,Purchase Requisition1,Purchase Requisition1,Purchase Order3,Purchase Order1,2,3,4,5,Purchase Order4,Purchase Order5,To Vendor,Forms Distribution Chart,Purchasing Inventory Payables Production Accounting Purchase Order Copy,1,2,3,4,5,1,2,1,2,3,4,
