1、Teaching students to write,美国新一轮课改的核心是-以写作为核心。因为写作中有选材，有组材，有思维，有创见，有表达这是一个系统工程，最能提升一个人的综合素养。,“写作教学难，是一门高消耗的学科，花的时间多，精力多，对教师要求高-会写的人才能教好写作，不会写的人只会教方法和套路，教也教不好。写作是挣扎，会写作的人才能帮助挣扎中的孩子。”傅丹灵 中美写作教学对话,课堂写作教学It Matters A Lot !兴趣、体验、挑战,教学定位、文化视野、 语言感悟力、审美情趣,教师的综合素养：,Danny 在华盛顿州的一个小岛找到了一份工作。那是一个看鲸鱼、海狮等海洋生物的好地
2、方。我圣诞节后要去看他。,An Email from my American friendDanny has taken a new job on the other side of the country, in Washington state. He lives on Bainbridge Island, which is a half -hour ferry ride from Seattle. Im going out and visiting him after Christmas. Its a great place for whale watching and seeing s
3、eals and other marine (海洋）life. ,使用具体的人名，地名,照顾读者的感受,主次合理，逻辑清晰,Some Practical Writing Skills,1. Use lively verbs 2. Lengthen your sentence 3. Use abstract nouns 4. Choose specific over general 5. Start your sentence differently; avoid cliche 6. Model in practice,1. Use lively verbs,1. 他把客人让将来。 2. 保安不
4、让我进去。 3.老板让我一天干12小时活。4. 张先生让你回电话5. 医生让我卧床休息。6. 她让我在雨里等了两个多小时.7.请让一让。 8.我不能让你爱上我.,He invited the guest in.,The doctor advised me to rest in bed.,She kept me waiting in the rain for over two hours.,Excuse me.,I cant have you fall in love with me.,Mr. Zhang asked you to call him back.,The boss forced m
5、e to work 12 hours a day.,The guard didnt let me in.,Early the next morning, Keesh marched / walked into the village.,Youll have a day to explore / visit this ancient city, admire/ see its architecture and enjoy / try the unique /delicious local food.,Gradually, she calmed down and a feeling of guil
6、t crept in / came out.,1. Early the next morning, Keesh walked into the village.,2. You can have a day to visit the ancient city, see its architecture and enjoy its unique local food.,3. Gradually she calmed down and all the memories of the old good times came out .,explore,marched,admire,try,flashe
7、d back,Lively Verbs,“I came all the way from Wisconsin for a costume contest. I got _by an eleven year old Grim Reaper.”,beaten,President Barack Obama _ a wild turkey called “Courage“ that was presented by the National Turkey Federation on November 25.,pardoned,Her heart began to _. Morton half _; t
8、he Times _to the ground. Slowly the other man stood up. He _ a couple of steps towards Morton, then stopped. He _his great arms, waiting. She _ her _ knees together.,Use lively Verb,pound,rose,flexed,pressed,trembling,slid,took,1. 100 people were killed and more than 300 were injured. (reach),reache
9、d .,主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,The number,over 400,The number (of people) .,(who were killed and injured),The number of people who were killed or injured reached over 1700.,定语,3. He tried to voice himself, but people didnt really listen. (think little of),thought little of .,主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,People,his opinion,2. Len
10、gthen your sentence,短句拉长,写作，就是给一个句子“上妆”，“上”的是“修饰语”。阅读，就是给一个句子“卸妆”，“卸”的也是“修饰语”。,一个句子当中，哪些单词适合改写（化妆的部位）及其修饰语 (化妆品）是什么。在短句中找两种词性（化妆部位）,可以添加修饰语（化妆品）。第一种是名词，它的专属化妆品（修饰语）有三种：形容词、同位语和定语从句。 第二种是动词，它的专属化妆品只有1种，就是“状语”。细分一下包括：时间状语、 地点状语、方式状语和目的状语等。,扩句 ： to make the sentence more informative, specific and vivid
11、,The seal performed.,1. -The seal got out of water, moved across the deck, and made sounds at the audience.,2. -The seals leaped out of the water, slid across the deck and barked at the audience.,3. -The seals leaped eagerly out of the water, slid quickly across the deck, and barked noisily at the a
12、udience.,4.-The black, sleek seal leaped eagerly out of the glistening water, slid quickly across a polished, wooden deck, and barked noisily at the stunned audience.,21,句子扩张的具体手段,形容词和副词 非谓语动词 同位语作插入语 介词结构作修饰 各类从句,句子扩展黄金原则： 拉长主谓宾，加上定状补,A man saved up.,1. 加介词短语 （表时间； 地点）:,A young man in Teheran saved
13、 up for years.,2. 加动词不定式短语 （表目的）：,A young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.,Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.,3. 加过去分词短语（表原因）：,He became an owner of a bed.,1. 加形容词:,He became a proud owner of a bed.,2.加介词短语 （时间）：,For the f
14、irst time in his life, he became the proud owner of a bed.,For the first time in his life, he became the proud owner of a bed which had springs and mattress.,3. 加定语从句 ：,Jenny sat in the empty caf, sipping the bitter-tasting coffee, (gazing pensively through the wet glass), waiting for someone who mi
15、ght never turn up.,Jenny sat in a caf .,3. Use abstract nouns,抽象名词：指表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽像概念名称的词。如: freedom, fun, importance.,1. 行为抽象名词：从动词转化而来realization，belief, contribution, devotion, excitement, explanation, pleasure, suffering.,2. 品质抽象名词：从形容词转化而来honesty， ability, guilty, kindness, happiness, warmth,
16、absence, necessity, eagerness.friendship, membership, childhood,3. 固有抽象名词：power, knowledge, fun, shame.,I stand before you today, the representative of a family in grief, in a country in mourning, before a world of shock.William and Harry, we all cared desperately for you today. We are all chewed up
17、 with the sadness and the loss of a woman who was not even our mother. How great your suffering is, we cannot even imagine.,1. We were greatly disappointed that he was absent.,We were greatly disappointed at his absence.,2. There are many people who are shy.,Shyness is common.,3. The book was welcom
18、ed immediately and has been popular ever since.,The book has found an immediate welcome and much popularity ever since.,从形容词转化而来,6. Many students give up their studies because they have money problems.7. I was so excited that my pulse was beating fast.,The excitement quickened my pulse.,Financial ha
19、rdship result in students giving up their studies.,细节描写,What you do, think, see, taste, touch, smell / How you feel,4. Choose specific over general,In the deepening twilight three figures were walking across the lawn towards the window, they all carried guns under their arms, and one of them was add
20、itionally burdened with a white coat hung over his shoulders. A tired brown spaniel kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they neared the house, and then a hoarse young voice chanted out of the dusk: “I said, Bertie, why do you bound?”,Three men approached the house.,1. What readers see: 2. What re
21、aders hear: 3 .How readers feel:,a hoarse young voice “I said, Bertie, why do you bound?”,deepening twilight, three figures walking, the lawn, the window, guns, a white coat, a dog, the house,Soon I picked up enough English to understand horrible wars were in the air. Russian missiles were being col
22、lected and brought together, trained supposedly on New York City. On the television, President Kennedy, looking worried, was explaining we might have to go to war against the enemies. At school, we had air-raid drills: a worrying bell would go off and wed move into the hall, fall to the floor, cover
23、 our heads with our coats, and imagine our hair falling out, the bones in our arms going soft. At home Mommy and my sisters and I prayed for world peace. In class, I heard new vocabulary items: nuclear bomb, radioactive fallout, bomb shelter. Sister Zoe explained how it would happen. She drew a pict
24、ure of a mushroom on the black board and dotted a cloud of chalk marks for the dusty fallout that would kill us all.,General: John is a good student.General: Your relative is nice to me. General: The man signed the paper.,Specific: In college, John has been awarded a scholarship annually over five y
25、ears.,Specific: Your aunt Betty always stops and talks to me when she meets me in the street.,Specific: The biology teacher hurriedly scribbled his name on the paper.,细节描述（具体化） The sky was blue and clear.Wang Wei was tired and she went to sleep soon. It was so quite. In the valleys we saw many butte
26、rflies.,The moon was bright.,We saw many lightning bugs.,.,We were excited to walk on the country road.,The summer night in the countryside was cool.,We seemed to be able to see for miles.,Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep.,In the valleys colorful butterfly flew around us,It
27、 was so quite. There was almost no wind-only the flames of our fire for company.,5. Start your sentence differently;Avoid cliche,Everybody was fixing their eyes on Jenny, waiting for an explanation. Embarrassed, Jenny didnt say anything. Dead silence suddenly fell. Then came Miss Walkers voice. “Why
28、 is Lees watch on your wrist?” Jenny hesitated for a while and decided to tell everybody about the truth. However, thinking of the well-prepared speech, and the magic of the watch, she changed her mind. “But Miss Walker, could I give the speech first and then explain?” She made a request in a tone o
29、f begging.,不同的开头语：,多样化的句子开头：1. 副词开头： Slowly and gently, snowflakes were drifting down from the sky.Interestingly, dogs and cats can hardly get along well in a house.Financially, she is independent, but emotionally she is dependent.,2. 用插入语开头，表示说话人的态度，或使句子的意思更加准确：Strangely enough, Jennifer does not e
30、njoy sunshine and beach.Generally speaking, winter in Vancouver is gloomy. 类似的插入语有：no wonder, no doubt, in other words, in my opinion, in conclusion, in fact, as a matter of fact等。,3. 形容词和形容词短语开头Desperate and hopeless, the poor man committed suicide.Tasty and crisp, potato chip is a favorite snack f
31、or both children and adults.,4. 非谓语 (分词或动词不定式) 短语开头Spoiled by his parents, the naughty boy always insists on things he wants.Looking at herself in the mirror, she fingered her silk scarf on her shoulder.Feeling bored, she turned on the TV and switched from channel to channel.To celebrate the arrival
32、 of the New Year, we held a grand party in the hotel.,5. 介词短语开头Around the corner, a crowd gathered.Unlike his father, Peter touches neither cigarettes nor alcohol.Due to the limit of seats, he was not accepted.On seeing him approach, the girl immediately turned her face to a shop window pretending t
33、o look at something there.,6. 名词从句开头 Whether you take the position or not makes great difference to me.Why I am unhappy is something I cant explain.What they should do about the hole in the roof is their most pressing problem.,7. It 开头It often seems that children are not good enough for their demand
34、ing parents. It is the waste gases released by cars and factories that pollute the environment（强调句） It took the rescue team two days to locate the missing passengers from the plane crash. It never occurred to me that I would travel to America. It is apparent that he was overwhelmed by so much attent
35、ion. Its been years since we talked last time. It was a long time before we finally made it to the campsite. It being really hot, the boys kept wiping the sweat off their faces. (独立主格结构),灵活句式， 避免“滥”句型 避免because从句1. We decided to take a taxi because we missed the bus by a second.,2. Because my schedu
36、le was so busy, I was not able to attend Susans wedding.,Missing the bus by a second, we decided to take a taxi.,My busy schedule didnt allow me to attend Susans wedding.,xcepti,灵活句式， 避免“滥”句型 避免there be从句,1. There were many mule deer throughout North America, but they are now almost extinct.,Mule de
37、er, once common throughout North America, are now almost extinct.,3. Model in practice,Model on the texts or other reading materials.Model your own writing process in front of students.,At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases h
38、ad little oxygen left. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared. “Put on this mask,” he advised. “Itll make you feel much better.” He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby
39、 for a rest. I felt better in no time. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.,At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left. Hit by a lack of fresh
40、 air, my head ached. Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared. “Put on this mask,” he advised. “Itll make you feel much better.” He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest. I felt better in no time. Soon I
41、 was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.,感官描写,动作描写,直接引语,环境描写,感官描写,感官描写,以“At first”开头，描述你在某人帮助下适应某个新环境的一段经历，字数80左右。内容框架模仿。 句型模仿： My new surroundings were difficult to tolerate.; seemed; as though, Hit by 写作手法模仿：环境、心理、感官、动作描写；直接引语等,1. The earth be
42、came so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 2. the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans. 2. This produced a chain of reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. 3. They multiplied and filled the oce
43、ans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. 4. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. 5. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on.,How life began on the earth,模仿与运用:
44、 How life began on the earth causes and effects:Gene technology is now a hot topic worldwide. It can help people cure deadly diseases and allow them to live a happier and longer life with better economic conditions. Gene technology also makes it possible for people with genetic diseases to give birt
45、h to healthy babies. However, the development of gene technology has led to a controversy whether it will be largely used in human cloning.,一句话新闻： Facebooks Mark Zuckerberg to give away 99% of shares,Facebooks Mark Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan say they will give away 99% of their shares in
46、 the company to good causes as they announce the birth of their daughter Max.,Who? When? What? Where? Why ? How?,Chinas tennis ace Li Na gets emotional at a news conference to announce her retirement in Beijing on Sunday. Li takes swing with tennis academy Retiring champion to develop game among kid
47、s,Who? When? What? Where? Why ? How ?,Due to the coldness in winter, students in our school decided to warm themselves by burning thousands of their books on December 14, 2015.Due to the unbearable coldness in winter, the school administration considerately announced that all the students would take
48、 a one-month holiday from tomorrow.The Bowen Cat safely gave birth to three little baby cats on the grass outside our teaching building last night, which delighted the students a lot.,Model your own writing process in front of students.,Step 1: Topic: gene technology (benefits ; controversy),Among a
49、ll the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Discussions about it is increasingly heated around the world.,Step 2: Topic sentence of each part,Step 3: Find out Major points and leave out minor ones.,Among all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Discussions about it is increasingly heated around the world.,
