1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD 6545:2005 Intended use of human head and ear simulators Guide ICS 83.180 PD 6545:2005 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 23 February 2005 BSI 23 February 2005 The following BSI references relate to the wor
2、k on this Published Document: Committee reference EPL/29 ISBN 0 580 45398 7 Committees responsible for this Published Document The preparation of this Published Document was entrusted to Technical Committee EPL/29, Electro-acoustics, upon which the following bodies were represented: BMA British Medi
3、cal Association BSA British Society of Audiology HSE Health and Safety Executive IEE Institute of Electrical Engineers IOA Institute of Acoustics ISVR Institute of Sound and Vibration Research MRC Medical Research Council MHRA Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency NPL National Physical
4、 Laboratory PLASA Professional Lighting and Sound Association SEE Society of Environmental Engineers University of Exeter Co-opted members Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsPD 6545:2005 BSI 23 February 2005 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword In
5、troduction 1 1S c o p e 1 2G l o s s a r y o f t e r m s 2 3E a r s i m u l a t o r s 6 4 Transducers 8 5 Applications for audiological purposes 13 6 Applications in telecommunications 29 7 Applications in audio engineering 39 8 Applications in hearing protection 41 Annex A (informative) Standard he
6、ad and ear simulator 45 Annex B (informative) Uncertainty of measurement 53 Bibliography 56 Figure 1 Diagrammatic horizontal sections showing types of earphone and their spatial relationships with the pinna and/or canal entrance 13 Figure 2 Diagrams showing the four possible constructions: acoustica
7、lly open or closed, and closed or open-back 15 Figure 3 Ear simulator configuration for use with insert earphones which are directly coupled to the ear 20 Figure 4 Ear simulator configurations for use with insert earphones that are coupled to the ear via tubing and ear tip 22 Figure 5 Ear simulator
8、configurations for use with hearing aids employing an insert earphone, e.g. that which may be employed by a body worn hearing aid 25 Figure 6 Ear simulator configurations for use with behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids 26 Figure 7 Ear simulator configurations for use with in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid
9、s 27 Figure 8 Typical test arrangement for hearing aid immunity testing using a GTEM cell 29 Figure 9 Ear simulator configuration for use with two types of ear probe coupled to the ear using an ear tip which sits on the entrance of the ear canal 27 Figure 10 Ear simulator configuration for use with
10、two types of ear probe coupled to the ear using an ear tip which sits within the entrance of the ear canal 27 Figure 11 Examples of high and low leak simplified ear simulator (ITU-T P.57, type 3.2) 37 Figure 12 Anatomically shaped ear pinna simulator for use in a type 3.3 ear simulator 38 Figure 13
11、Simplified pinna for use with type 3.4 ear simulator 33 Figure 14 Measurement of receiving sensitivity of a local telephone system 40 Figure 15 Example of a receiving characteristic 34 F i g u r e 1 6 A r r a n g e m e n t s f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e e l e c t r o - a c o us t i c p e r f o r m
12、a n c e of digital telephone sets 41 Figure 17 Examples of telephone headset types 36 Figure 18 Measuring the sensitivity of an earphone 38 Figure 19 Example of an earphone sensitivity/frequency characteristic 39 Figure 20 Method of measurement given in EN 50332-1 41PD 6545:2005 BSI 23 February 2005
13、 Page Figure A.1 Example of one specific design of an IEC 60318-1 (ITU-T Type 1) ear simulator (from IEC 60318-1) 53 Figure A.2 Example of a circumaural earphone of an IEC 60318-2 Type 1 adaptor 54 Figure A.3 Example of a circumaural earphone on an IEC 60318-2 Type 2 adaptor 54 Figure A.4 Coupling o
14、f earphone to IEC 60318-3 acoustic coupler 48 Figure A.5 Example of one specific design of occluded ear simulator from IEC 60711 56 Figure A.6 IEC 60126 acoustic coupler used with an insert earphone 50 Figure A.7 A specific example of a mechanical coupler from IEC 60373 51 Figure A.8 Illustration of
15、 manikin head and torso dimensions from IEC/TR 60959 59 Figure A.9 Illustration of manikin pinna dimensions, from IEC/TR 60959 52 Table 1 Summary of the main applications of standard ear simulators 12 Table 2 Ear simulator type to be used with specific measurement configurations (see Annex A for det
16、ails of ear simulators) 13 Table 3 Ear simulator type to be used for a specific application 19 Table 4 Ear simulators for measuring telephone receivers 31 Table 5 Ear simulator configurations for use with hearing aids employing an insert earphone, e.g. that which may be employed by a body worn heari
17、ng aid 19PD 6545:2005 BSI 23 February 2005 iii Foreword This Published Document has been prepared by Technical Committee EPL/29. It provides guidance for the use of ear simulators in the fields of audiology, telecommunications, audio engineering and in certain aspects of hearing protection. BSI Comm
18、ittee EPL/29, whose constitution is shown in this Published Document, takes collective responsibility for its preparation. The Committee wishes to acknowledge the contribution of the following panel of experts: M.C. Martin (Convenor) The Mike Martin Consultancy R. Barham National Physical Laboratory
19、 J.G. Barnes Technical Consultant R. Cross Technical Consultant G. Frost P.C. Werth Ltd. W.J.G. Mellors W.M. Services T. Sherwood National Physical Laboratory P.D. Wheeler Technical Consultant This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsi
20、ble for its correct application. This Published Document is not to be regarded as a British Standard. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, a blank page, pages 1 to 58, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed i
21、n this document indicates when the document was last issued.iv blankPD 6545:2005 BSI 23 February 2005 1 Introduction The generic term “ear simulator” in this document describes a range of devices, namely acoustic couplers, artificial ears, mechanical couplers and head and torso simulators. The degre
22、e to which these devices reflect the true performance of a transducer on a human being varies according to the device being used. Consequently the data that is produced from measurements on ear simulators needs to be interpreted with care when estimating what will happen on humans and in particular
23、on any individual. Ear simulators are made to conform to a variety of IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standards and are used primarily in three industries, namely audiology, telecommunications and audio engineering. These industries are not normally in close contact with each other o
24、n these matters and other standardizing bodies, e.g. the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), use IEC standards as a basis for their own standards. Furthermore, standards for measuring aspects of hearing produced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), e.g. loudness, an
25、d by ITU for telephony directly involve the use of ear simulators. As ear simulators are intended to measure the output from earphones and bone vibrators it is necessary to define the form of ear simulator to be used with each type of transducer. In addition the earphones being measured may have dif
26、ferent acoustic characteristics in terms of acoustic leakage, etc. that will significantly affect the method of measurement and needs to be taken into account when describing the appropriate ear simulator to be used. The intended use and limitations of ear simulators requires clarification as most e
27、ar simulator standards are solely descriptions of such devices and give no indication of their applications. This document is constructed so that after general issues concerned with the use of ear simulators are discussed, each of the following application areas are dealt with independently: applica
28、tions for audiological purposes; applications in telecommunications; applications in audio engineering; applications in hearing protection. 1 Scope This Published Document describes and gives guidance on the range of currently available standardized head and torso simulators, and ear simulators in t
29、he fields of audiology, telecommunications, audio engineering and hearing protection. This guide describes ear simulators of the following types and their applications: acoustic couplers; artificial ears/occluded ear simulators; head and torso simulators; mechanical couplers for the calibration of b
30、one vibrators. The guide also describes the range of earphones available and how they are to be measured on appropriate ear simulators. The guide does not describe the effects on the measurement of performance due to using different forms of test stimuli. The guide does not indicate the performance
31、of a transducer (earphone or bone vibrator) on any individual person or the perceptual qualities of a listener using a transducer. NOTE All documents referred to in the text are listed in the Bibliography.PD 6545:2005 2 BSI 23 February 2005 2 Glossary of terms The following terms and definitions use
32、d in conjunction with earphones/transducers and ear simulators are taken from appropriate IEC/ISO/ITU publications. Where differing definitions are used in standards emanating from different organizations the alternatives are given. 2.1 ear simulators 2.1.1 ear simulator device for the calibration o
33、f earphones which incorporates a calibrated microphone for the measurement of sound pressure and an acoustic coupler. The overall acoustic impedance of the simulator approximates that of the average human ear in a given frequency band IEC 60318-1 or ear simulator device for measuring the output soun
34、d pressure of an earphone under well-defined loading conditions in a specified frequency range. It consists essentially of a principal cavity, acoustic load networks, and a calibrated microphone. The location of the microphone is chosen so that the sound pressure at the microphone corresponds approx
35、imately to the sound pressure existing at the human eardrum ITU-T P.57 2.1.2 artificial ear device for the calibration of earphones incorporating an acoustic coupler and a calibrated microphone for the measurement of sound pressure and having an overall acoustic impedance similar to that of the aver
36、age human ear over a given frequency band ITU-T P.57 2.1.3 acoustic coupler cavity of predetermined shape and volume which is used for the calibration of an earphone in conjunction with a calibrated microphone to measure the sound pressure developed within the cavity IEC 60318-3 2.1.4 occluded-ear s
37、imulator device that simulates the inner part of the ear canal, from the tip of an ear insert to the ear-drum ITU-T P.57 2.1.5 pinna simulator device which has the approximate shape and dimensions of a median adult human pinna ITU-T P.57 2.1.6 ear canal extension cylindrical cavity extending the sim
38、ulation of the ear canal provided by the occluded ear simulator out of the concha cavity ITU-T P.57 2.1.7 ear insert simulator ear insert simulator (e.g. earmould simulator) is an insert which terminates the entrance of the ear simulator and provides for passage of sound into the occluded ear simula
39、tor through an opening on its axis IEC 60711 2.1.8 ear pip ear tip ready-formed plastic ear insert designed to provide a seal between an acoustic input tube and the ear canalPD 6545:2005 BSI 23 February 2005 3 2.1.9 head and torso simulator (HATS) manikin extending downward from the top of the head
40、to the waist, designed to simulate the sound pick-up characteristics and the acoustic diffraction produced by the median human adult and to reproduce the acoustic field generated by the human mouth ITU-T P58 2.1.10 mechanical coupler device designed to present a specified mechanical impedance to a v
41、ibrator applied with a specified static force, and equipped with a mechano-electric transducer to enable the alternating force level at the surface of contact between the vibrator and the mechanical coupler to be determined IEC 60373 2.2 transducers (earphones and bone vibrators) 2.2.1 earphone elec
42、troacoustic transducer by which acoustic oscillations are obtained from electric signals and intended to be closely coupled acoustically to the ear IEC 50(801) 801-27-18 2.2.2 headphone assembly of one or two earphones on a headband or chinband, the use of which may be optional (e.g. with intra-conc
43、ha earphones) IEC 60268-7 2.2.3 insert earphone small earphone that is attached directly to a connecting element, e.g. an earmould, inserted into the ear canal IEC 50(801) 801-27-22, modified in IEC 60268-7 or insert earphone small earphone coupled to the ear canal by means of an ear insert or attac
44、hed to a connecting element which is inserted into the ear canal. This ear insert may be a part of the insert earphone IEC 60711 or insert earphones earphones which are intended to partially or completely enter the ear canal ITU-T P.57 2.2.4 ear insert device used to provide the acoustic coupling be
45、tween an earphone and the ear canal (e.g. an earmould or a similar device with or without a connecting tube) IEC 60711PD 6545:2005 4 BSI 23 February 2005 2.2.5 supra-concha earphone earphone intended to rest on the ridges of the concha cavity IEC 60268-7 or supra-concha earphones earphones which are
46、 intended to rest upon the ridges of the concha cavity and have an external diameter (or maximum dimension) greater than 25 mm and less than 45 mm ITU-T P.57 2.2.6 intra-concha earphone small earphone that fits in the concha cavity, with its acoustic exit close to the entrance of the ear canal IEC 6
47、0268-7 or intra-concha earphones earphones which are intended to rest within the concha cavity of the ear. They have an external diameter (or maximum dimension) of less than 25 mm but are not made to enter the ear canal ITU-T P.57 2.2.7 supra-aural earphone earphone applied externally to the outer e
48、ar and intended to rest on the pinna IEC 50(801) 801-27-23, modified in IEC 60268-7 or supra-aural earphone earphone applied externally to the outer ear IEC 60318-1 2.2.8 circumaural earphone earphone having a cavity large enough to cover the region of the head including the ear IEC 50(801) 801-27-24) or circumaural earphones earphones which enclose the pinna and seat on the surrounding surface of the head. Contact to the head is normally maintained by compliant cushions. Circumaural earphones may touch, but not signif
