1、High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Part 1: Overview PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016 BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National foreword T h i s P u b l i s h e d D o c u m e n t i s t h e
2、 U K i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 1 : 2 0 1 6 . T o g e t h e r w i t h P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 2 , P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 3 a n d P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 - 4 : 2 0 1 6 , i t s u p e r s e d e s P D I E C / T R 6 2 0 0 1 : 2 0 0 9 w h i c h w i l l b e w i t h d
3、 r a w n o n p u b l i c a t i o n o f a l l p a r t s o f t h i s s e r i e s . The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PEL/22, Power electronics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication
4、 does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 85252 7 ICS 29.200 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
5、 legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1 Edition 1.0 2016-05 TECHNICAL REPORT
6、 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Part 1: Overview INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-3401-3 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you
7、 obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. colour insideThis page deliberately left blank 2 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD 8 INTRODUCTION 10 1 Scope . 11 2 Terms and definitions 11 3 Outline of specifications of AC filters for HVDC systems 12 3.1 General 12 3.2 Bounda
8、ries of responsibility 13 3.3 Scope of studies . 14 3.4 Scope of supply 15 3.5 Technical data to be supplied by contractor . 16 3.6 Alternative proposals by bidders 16 4 Permissible distortion limits . 17 4.1 General 17 4.2 Voltage distortion 18 4.2.1 General . 18 4.2.2 Voltage distortion Definition
9、s of performance criteria . 18 4.2.3 Voltage distortion Discussion and recommendations 18 4.2.4 Voltage distortion Determination of limits . 19 4.2.5 Voltage distortion Pre-existing harmonic levels 22 4.2.6 Voltage distortion Relaxed limits for short term and infrequent conditions 23 4.2.7 Treatment
10、 of interharmonic frequencies . 23 4.3 Distortion limits pertaining to the HV and EHV network equipment . 24 4.3.1 HVAC transmission system equipment . 24 4.3.2 Harmonic currents in synchronous machines 24 4.3.3 Nearby HVDC installations . 25 4.4 Telephone interference . 25 4.4.1 General . 25 4.4.2
11、Causes of telephone interference . 25 4.4.3 Telephone interference Definitions of performance criteria. 25 4.4.4 Telephone interference Discussion 25 4.4.5 Telephone interference Determination of limits 26 4.4.6 Telephone interference Pre-existing harmonic levels . 28 4.4.7 Telephone interference Li
12、mits for temporary conditions . 28 4.5 Special criteria 29 5 Harmonic generation . 29 5.1 General 29 5.2 Converter harmonic generation . 29 5.2.1 Idealized conditions . 29 5.2.2 Realistic conditions 31 5.3 Calculation methodology . 33 5.3.1 General . 33 5.3.2 Harmonic currents for performance, ratin
13、g and other calculations . 33 5.3.3 Combining harmonics from different converter bridges . 34 5.3.4 Consistent sets 34 5.3.5 Harmonic generation for different DC power ranges 35 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 3 5.4 Sensitivity of harmonic generation to various factors . 36 5.4.1
14、Direct current, control angle and commutation overlap 36 5.4.2 Effect of asymmetries on characteristic harmonics . 37 5.4.3 Converter equipment parameter tolerances 37 5.4.4 Tap steps 37 5.4.5 Theoretically cancelled harmonics 37 5.4.6 Negative and zero phase sequence voltages 38 5.4.7 Converter tra
15、nsformer saturation 38 5.4.8 Harmonic interaction across the converter 39 5.4.9 Back-to-back systems 39 5.5 Externally generated harmonics 39 6 Filter arrangements . 40 6.1 Overview 40 6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of typical filters . 41 6.3 Classification of filter types . 41 6.4 Tuned filters
16、42 6.4.1 Single tuned filters . 42 6.4.2 Double tuned filters 43 6.4.3 Triple tuned filters 45 6.5 Damped filters 46 6.5.1 Single tuned damped filters 46 6.5.2 Double tuned damped filters. 49 6.6 Choice of filters . 49 7 Filter performance calculation 50 7.1 Calculation procedure . 50 7.1.1 General
17、. 50 7.1.2 Input data 51 7.1.3 Methodology 51 7.1.4 Calculation of converter harmonic currents . 52 7.1.5 Selection of filter types and calculation of their impedances . 52 7.1.6 Calculation of performance 53 7.2 Detuning and tolerances . 54 7.2.1 General . 54 7.2.2 Detuning factors 54 7.2.3 Resista
18、nce variations . 55 7.2.4 Modelling . 55 7.3 Network impedance for performance calculations 56 7.3.1 General . 56 7.3.2 Network modelling using impedance envelopes 57 7.3.3 Sector diagram 58 7.3.4 Circle diagram . 59 7.3.5 Discrete polygons 59 7.3.6 Zero-sequence impedance modelling . 61 7.3.7 Detai
19、led modelling of AC network for performance calculation 61 7.4 Outages of filter banks and sub-banks . 62 7.5 Considerations of probability . 63 7.6 Flexibility regarding compliance 65 7.7 Ratings of the harmonic filter equipment 65 8 Filter switching and reactive power management . 65 PD IEC/TR 620
20、01-1:2016 4 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 8.1 General 65 8.2 Reactive power interchange with AC network 66 8.2.1 General . 66 8.2.2 Impact on reactive compensation and filter equipment 66 8.2.3 Evaluation of reactive power interchange . 67 8.3 HVDC converter reactive power capability . 67 8.4 Bank/su
21、b-bank definitions and sizing . 67 8.4.1 General . 67 8.4.2 Sizing 68 8.5 Hysteresis in switching points . 70 8.6 Converter Q-V control near switching points 71 8.7 Operation at increased converter control angles 71 8.8 Filter switching sequence and harmonic performance 71 8.9 Demarcation of respons
22、ibilities 72 8.9.1 General . 72 8.9.2 Customer . 72 8.9.3 Contractor . 73 9 Customer specified parameters and requirements 73 9.1 General 73 9.2 AC system parameters 73 9.2.1 Voltage 73 9.2.2 Voltage unbalance . 74 9.2.3 Frequency . 74 9.2.4 Short circuit level . 74 9.2.5 Filter switching . 75 9.2.6
23、 Reactive power interchange . 75 9.2.7 System harmonic impedance 75 9.2.8 Zero sequence data . 75 9.2.9 System earthing . 75 9.2.10 Insulation level . 75 9.2.11 Creepage distances . 75 9.2.12 Pre-existing voltage distortion 75 9.3 Harmonic distortion requirements 76 9.3.1 General . 76 9.3.2 Redundan
24、cy requirements . 76 9.4 Environmental conditions 76 9.4.1 Temperature 76 9.4.2 Pollution 76 9.4.3 Wind 77 9.4.4 Ice and snow loading (if applicable) . 77 9.4.5 Solar radiation . 77 9.4.6 Isokeraunic levels 77 9.4.7 Seismic requirements . 77 9.4.8 Audible noise . 77 9.5 Electrical environment . 77 9
25、.6 Requirements for filter arrangements and components 78 9.6.1 Filter arrangements 78 9.6.2 Filter capacitors . 78 9.6.3 Test requirements 78 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 5 9.7 Protection of filters 78 9.8 Loss evaluation . 78 9.9 Field measurements and verifications 78 9.10 G
26、eneral requirements . 79 10 Future developments . 79 10.1 General 79 10.2 New filter technology . 79 10.2.1 General . 79 10.2.2 Automatically tuned reactors 80 10.2.3 Single-phase redundancy . 82 10.2.4 Fuseless capacitors . 83 10.2.5 Active filters . 84 10.2.6 Compact design . 85 10.2.7 Other filte
27、r circuit components 86 10.3 New converter technology . 87 10.3.1 General . 87 10.3.2 Series commutated converters . 87 10.3.3 PWM voltage-sourced converters . 88 10.3.4 Transformerless converters 90 10.3.5 Unit connection 91 10.4 Changing external environment . 91 10.4.1 Increased pre-existing leve
28、ls of harmonic distortion 91 10.4.2 Developments in communication technology . 92 10.4.3 Changes in structure of the power supply industry 92 10.4.4 Focus on power quality 93 Annex A (informative) Alternative type of procurement procedure . 94 Annex B (informative) Formulae for calculating the chara
29、cteristic harmonics of a bridge converter . 95 Annex C (informative) Definition of telephone interference parameters . 97 C.1 General 97 C.2 Criteria according to European practice . 97 C.3 Criteria according to North American practice 98 C.4 Discussion 99 Annex D (informative) Equivalent frequency
30、deviation 101 Annex E (informative) Reactive power management . 102 E.1 HVDC converter reactive power capability . 102 E.1.1 Steady-state capability . 102 E.1.2 Temporary capability 104 E.2 Converter Q-V control near switching points 105 E.3 Step-change in voltage on switching a filter . 106 Annex F
31、 (informative) Voltage sourced converters 108 F.1 General 108 F.2 Two-level converter with PWM 108 F.3 Three-level converter with PWM 110 F.4 Multi-level converters 111 F.5 Modelling of VSCs for harmonic filtering purposes . 112 Bibliography . 114 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016 6 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 201
32、6 Figure 1 Idealized current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer . 30 Figure 2 Realistic current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer including effect of non-idealities 31 Figure 3 Comparison of harmonic content of current waveform under idealized and realistic conditions
33、32 Figure 4 Typical variation of characteristic harmonic magnitude with direct current 36 Figure 5 Single tuned filter and frequency response . 42 Figure 6 Double tuned filter and frequency response 44 Figure 7 Triple tuned filter and frequency response 45 Figure 8 2nd order damped filter and freque
34、ncy response 47 Figure 9 3rd order damped filter and frequency response . 47 Figure 10 C-type filter and frequency response 48 Figure 11 Double tuned damped filter and frequency response . 49 Figure 12 Circuit model for filter calculations 51 Figure 13 AC system impedance general sector diagram, wit
35、h minimum impedance . 58 Figure 14 AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum resistance 58 Figure 15 AC system impedance general circle diagram, with minimum resistance 59 Figure 16 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 2 to 4 60 Figure 17 Example of harmonic impedance
36、s for harmonics of order 5 to 8 . 60 Figure 18 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 9 to 13 . 60 Figure 19 Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 14 to 49 . 60 Figure 20 Illustration of basic voltage quality concepts with time/location statistics covering the whole sy
37、stem (adapted from IEC TR 61000-3-6:2008) . 64 Figure 21 Example of range of operation where specifications on harmonic levels are not met for a filter scheme solution . 64 Figure 22 Branch, sub-bank and bank definition . 68 Figure 23 Typical switching sequence 72 Figure 24 Reactive power components
38、 . 73 Figure 25 Design principle of a self-tuned reactor using DC control current in an orthogonal winding . 81 Figure 26 Control principle for self-tuned filter 81 Figure 27 One method of switching a redundant single phase filter . 83 Figure 28 Fuseless capacitor design compared to internal and ext
39、ernal fused units . 84 Figure 29 Various possible configurations of series compensated HVDC converters 89 Figure 30 Circuit and waveforms of a DC link using voltage-sourced converters . 90 Figure E.1 Capability diagram of a converter under different control strategies . 102 Figure E.2 Converter capa
40、bility with min= 17, max= 40, min= 5, max= 35 and U diomax= 1,2U dioN103 Figure E.3 Reactive power absorption of a rectifier as a function of with U dio= U dioN , d x= 9,4 % and d r= 0,2 % 105 Figure E.4 Reactive power absorption of a inverter as a function of with U dio= U dioN , d x= 9,4 % and d r
41、= 0,2 % 105 Figure F.1 Simplified representation of a 2-level voltage sourced converter 109 Figure F.2 Single-phase AC output for 2-level converter with PWM switching at 21 times fundamental frequency 109 Figure F.3 Simplified representation of a 3-level voltage sourced converter 110 PD IEC/TR 62001
42、-1:2016IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 7 Figure F.4 Single-phase AC output for 3-level converter with PWM switching at 21 times fundamental frequency 110 Figure F.5 Basic operation of the MMC converters . 111 Figure F.6 Phase unit of the modular multi-level converter (MMC) in basic half- bridge, withou
43、t series-connected IGBTs (left) and the cascaded two level (CTL) converter with series-connected IGBTs (right) . 113 Figure F.7 Representation of a voltage sourced converter as a harmonic voltage source behind an inductance 113 PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016 8 IEC TR 62001-1:2016 IEC 2016 INTERNATIONAL ELEC
44、TROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS GUIDANCE TO THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN EVALUATION OF AC FILTERS Part 1: Overview FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechn
45、ical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
46、 Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, gov
47、ernmental and non- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decision
48、s or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for internati
49、onal use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently
