1、High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Part 3: Modelling PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation o
2、f IEC/TR 62001- 3:2016. Together with PD IEC/TR 62001-1:2016, PD IEC/TR 62001-2:2016 and PD IEC/TR 62001-4:2016, it supersedes PD IEC/TR 62001:2009, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PEL/22, Power electronics. A list of organizations rep
3、resented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978
4、 0 580 91332 7 ICS 29.200 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected P
5、UBLISHED DOCUMENT PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 IEC TR 62001-3 Edition 1.0 2016-09 TECHNICAL REPORT High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Part 3: Modelling INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-3655-0 Regi
6、stered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. colour inside PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 2 IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 7 INTRODUCTION . 9 1 Scope 10 2 Normative references. 10 3 H
7、armonic interaction across converters 10 3.1 General . 10 3.2 Practical experience of problems . 11 3.3 Indicators of where harmonic interaction is significant 13 3.4 Interaction phenomena 14 3.5 Impact on AC filter design . 15 3.5.1 General . 15 3.5.2 AC side third harmonic . 15 3.5.3 Direct curren
8、t on the AC side . 16 3.5.4 Characteristic harmonics 16 3.6 General overview of modelling techniques . 16 3.6.1 General . 16 3.6.2 Time domain AC-DC-AC interaction model . 18 3.6.3 Frequency domain AC-DC-AC interaction model . 19 3.6.4 Frequency domain AC-DC interaction model . 19 3.6.5 Frequency do
9、main current source model 19 3.7 Interaction modelling . 20 3.7.1 General . 20 3.7.2 Coupling between networks 20 3.7.3 Driving forces. 21 3.7.4 System harmonic impedances 22 3.8 Study methods 22 3.8.1 Frequency domain . 22 3.8.2 Time domain 22 3.9 Composite resonance 23 3.10 Core saturation instabi
10、lity 23 3.11 Particular considerations for back-to-back converters . 23 3.12 Issues to be considered in the design process . 24 3.12.1 General . 24 3.12.2 Fundamental frequency and load issues . 24 3.12.3 Negative phase sequence 25 3.12.4 Pre-existing harmonic distortion . 26 3.12.5 AC network imped
11、ance 27 3.12.6 Converter control system 28 3.12.7 Combination with “classic“ harmonic generation . 29 3.12.8 Relative magnitude of pairs of low-order harmonics 29 3.12.9 Superposition of contributions 30 3.13 Parallel AC lines and converter transformer saturation . 30 3.14 Possible countermeasures .
12、 32 3.14.1 AC (and/or DC) filters . 32 3.14.2 DC control design 32 3.14.3 Operating restrictions and design protections . 33 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 3 3.15 Recommendations for technical specifications . 33 3.15.1 General . 33 3.15.2 Specified design data . 33 3.15.3 Requir
13、ements regarding calculation techniques 34 4 AC network impedance modelling 35 4.1 General . 35 4.2 Implications of inaccurate definition of network impedance . 36 4.3 Considerations for network modelling 37 4.3.1 General . 37 4.3.2 Project life expectancy and robustness of data . 37 4.3.3 Network o
14、perating conditions . 37 4.3.4 Network impedances for performance and rating calculations 38 4.3.5 Modelling of network components . 39 4.3.6 Representation of loads at harmonic frequencies 40 4.4 Network harmonic impedance envelopes . 40 4.5 Methods of determining envelope characteristics . 43 4.5.
15、1 General . 43 4.5.2 Low order harmonics 43 4.5.3 Mid-range and higher order harmonics . 44 4.5.4 Balancing of risk and benefit 45 4.5.5 Consideration of tolerances on harmonic bands 46 4.5.6 Two separate envelopes for one harmonic band . 48 4.5.7 Critical envelope parameters 49 4.5.8 Impedance enve
16、lopes for performance and rating conditions . 49 4.6 Examples of the impact of different network impedance representations . 50 4.6.1 Effect of network envelope parameters on resultant distortion . 50 4.6.2 Effect of network minimum resistance on filter rating . 53 4.7 Interharmonic impedance assess
17、ment . 54 4.8 Measurement of network harmonic impedance . 56 4.9 Conclusions 57 5 Pre-existing harmonics 57 5.1 General . 57 5.2 Modelling and measurement of pre-existing harmonic levels 58 5.3 Harmonic performance evaluation, methods and discussion . 60 5.3.1 General . 60 5.3.2 “Incremental“ harmon
18、ic performance evaluation 60 5.3.3 “Aggregate“ harmonic performance evaluation 61 5.3.4 Both “incremental“ and “aggregate“ performance evaluation . 62 5.3.5 “Incremental“ and “maximum magnification factor“ harmonic performance evaluation 63 5.4 Calculation of total harmonic performance indices 63 5.
19、5 Harmonic rating evaluation 64 5.6 Difficulties with the voltage source/worst network model for rating 65 5.6.1 Background . 65 5.6.2 Illustration of the voltage source/worst network method . 66 5.7 Further possible calculation procedures for rating evaluation 68 5.7.1 Using measured levels of pre-
20、existing distortion . 68 5.7.2 Applying compatibility level voltage source at the filter busbar. 70 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 4 IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 5.7.3 Limiting the filter bus harmonic voltage to a maximum level for filter rating (MLFR) 72 5.7.4 Limiting total source distortion to the define
21、d THD 73 5.7.5 Limiting harmonic order of pre-existing distortion 75 5.8 Conclusions 75 Annex A (informative) Location of worst-case network impedance . 76 Annex B (informative) Accuracy of network component modelling at harmonic frequencies . 79 B.1 General . 79 B.2 Loads . 79 B.3 Transformers 82 B
22、.3.1 Transformer reactance . 82 B.3.2 Transformer resistance 82 B.4 Transmission lines 85 B.5 Synchronous machines . 87 B.6 Modelling of resistance in harmonic analysis software 88 Annex C (informative) Further guidance for the measurement of harmonic voltage distortion 91 Annex D (informative) Proj
23、ect experience of pre-existing harmonic issues . 93 D.1 General . 93 D.2 Third harmonic overload of filters in a back-to-back system 93 D.3 Third and fifth harmonic overload of filters in a line transmission 94 D.4 Overload of a DC side 6 thharmonic filter . 94 Annex E (informative) Worked examples
24、showing impact of pre-existing distortion 96 E.1 General . 96 E.2 Pre-existing distortions 97 E.2.1 Example 1 Illustration of magnification . 97 E.2.2 Impact of network impedance parameters . 101 Annex F (informative) Comparison of calculation methods 103 F.1 General . 103 F.2 Reference case Convert
25、er generated harmonics only 106 F.3 Method 1 Source voltages behind impedance sector . 106 F.4 Method 2 Source voltages at filter bus (see 5.7.2) . 106 F.5 Method 3 Limiting the filter bus harmonic voltage to a maximum level for filter rating (MLFR) (see 5.7.3) 107 F.6 Method 4 Limiting total source
26、 distortion to the THD level (see 5.7.4) 107 F.7 Method 5 Pre-existing harmonics considered only up to the 10 th , with 10 % margin on converter generation for remainder (see 5.7.5) 110 Bibliography . 111 Figure 1 Key elements of a complete AC-DC-AC harmonic interaction model 17 Figure 2 Equivalent
27、circuit for evaluation of harmonic interaction with DC side interaction frequency greater than AC side fundamental frequency 21 Figure 3 DC side 6 thharmonic voltage due to AC side 5 thharmonic (fixed angle) and 7 thharmonic (varying angle) . 27 Figure 4 Simple circuit used to represent AC network i
28、mpedance at 5 thand 7 thharmonics . 28 Figure 5 Example of a single impedance locus for harmonic orders 2 to 49 . 41 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 5 Figure 6 Example of simple circle envelope encompassing all scatter points for harmonic orders 2 to 49 42 Figure 7 Example of an i
29、mpedance envelope for 7 thto 13 thharmonic with associated scatter plots 44 Figure 8 Example of an impedance envelope for 13 thto 19 thharmonic with associated scatter plots 45 Figure 9 Example of an impedance envelope for 19 thto 25 thharmonic with associated scatter plots 45 Figure 10 Example of t
30、he need to extend the band of harmonics to allow for resonance effects . 47 Figure 11 Application of tolerance range in percentage of the harmonic number 48 Figure 12 Application of tolerance range in percentage of the harmonic number, zoomed to show 11th and 13 thharmonics . 48 Figure 13 Example sh
31、owing two impedance envelopes for a particular band 49 Figure 14 Example of impedance envelopes under “performance“ and “rating“ conditions for harmonic orders 4 thto 7 th. 50 Figure 15 Example of impedance envelopes “performance“ and “rating“ conditions for harmonic orders 25 thto 31 st50 Figure 16
32、 Discrete envelopes for different groups of harmonics . 51 Figure 17 Example showing a distributed generation causing about 15 % attenuation of ripple control signal at the PCC . 55 Figure 18 Generic circuit model for calculation of harmonic performance or rating . 59 Figure 19 Illustration of basic
33、 voltage quality concepts with time/location statistics covering the whole system 60 Figure 20 Circuit model for calculation of incremental performance . 61 Figure 21 Equivalent circuit of a network for the h thharmonic . 66 Figure 22 Typical voltage magnification factor 67 Figure 23 Pre-existing di
34、stortion set to measured levels (plus margin) . 68 Figure 24 Pre-existing distortion applied directly at the filter bus . 70 Figure 25 Harmonic voltage stress on a shunt capacitor with IEC planning levels applied . 72 Figure A.1 Equivalent circuit model for demonstration of worst-case resonance betw
35、een AC filters and the network . 76 Figure A.2 Diagram indicating vectors Z F , Z Nand Z H. 77 Figure B.1 Typical equivalent load network . 80 Figure B.2 Relative error of equivalent load loss resistance R nof using 28 compared with Electra 167 27 model . 83 Figure B.3 Effect of temperature on trans
36、former load loss . 84 Figure B.4 Ratio between harmonic and fundamental frequency resistance as calculated for balanced mode components and calculated from averages of reduced Z matrix resistance values . 86 Figure B.5 Ratio between harmonic and fundamental frequency resistance as calculated for bal
37、anced mode components and calculated from averages of reduced Z matrix resistance values, for varying earth resistivity . 87 Figure B.6 Comparison of synchronous machine reactance between 4-1 recommendation and test measurements for a salient pole hydro generator of 370 MVA 87 Figure B.7 Comparison
38、of synchronous machine resistance between 17 recommendation and test measurements for a salient pole hydro generator of 370 MVA 88 Figure B.8 Comparison of different approximations for resistance variations 89 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016 6 IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 Figure B.9 Network impedance for Ara
39、raquara substation . 90 Figure E.1 Harmonic models for converter and for pre-existing distortion 97 Figure E.2 Geometrical visualisation of selecting worst-case impedance for converter harmonics . 97 Figure E.3 Simple filter scheme to illustrate magnification . 98 Figure E.4 Plots illustrating magni
40、fication of various pre-existing harmonics 101 Figure F.1 Network impedance sector used in example . 103 Figure F.2 Assumed filter scheme for examples of different methods of calculation . 104 Figure F.3 IEC planning levels used for source voltages in the study . 105 Table 1 Dominant frequencies in
41、ACDC harmonic interaction 15 Table 2 Comparison of calculated harmonic voltage distortion between two methods of representing network harmonic impedance 52 Table 3 Comparison of calculated harmonic voltage distortion considering the variation of network impedance angle 53 Table 4 Comparison of calcu
42、lated filter harmonic current considering the variation of network minimum resistance and filter detuning . 54 Table 5 Amplification factor tan at different network impedance angles . 66 Table 6 Variation of calculated filter harmonic current as a function of detuning 71 Table B.1 Constants for resi
43、stance adjustment five parameter equations 89 Table E.1 Parameters of elements of a simplified filter scheme shown in Figure E.3 98 Table E.2 Voltage and current distortion for Z min= 1 and varying 101 Table E.3 Voltage and current distortion for = 85 and varying Z min. 102 Table F.1 Table F.1 Param
44、eters of components of filters shown in Figure F.2 . 104 Table F.2 Component rating calculated using different calculation methods . 106 Table F.3 Rating calculations using Method 3 for BP1113 C1 . 107 Table F.4 Rating calculations using Method 3 for HP24 R1 109 Table F.5 Rating calculations using M
45、ethod 4 for BP1113 C1 . 110 PD IEC/TR 62001-3:2016IEC TR 62001-3:2016 IEC 2016 7 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) SYSTEMS GUIDANCE TO THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN EVALUATION OF AC FILTERS Part 3: Modelling FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical C
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