1、Guidelines for Tie-downs on Offshore Production Facilities for Hurricane SeasonAPI BULLETIN 2TD FIRST EDITION, JUNE 2006Guidelines for Tie-downs on Offshore Production Facilities for Hurricane SeasonUpstream SegmentAPI BULLETIN 2TD FIRST EDITION, JUNE 2006SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily ad
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9、ding, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2006 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis bulletin is under the jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee on Standardization o
10、f Off-shore Structures. The purpose of this bulletin is to raise the awareness of the need to evaluate the tie-downs in use on offshore production facilities for drilling rigs, permanent equipment, and facilities such as quarters, helidecks, etc. The information contained herein is presented as reco
11、m-mendations that a platform owner/operator or drilling rig owner/operator may choose to undertake in the short-term (i.e., the 2006 hurricane season) and intermediate term (i.e., prior to the 2007 hurricane season) in an effort to improve tie-down performance during hurri-canes.Long-term plans incl
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21、 N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, www.api.org/cat.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiCONTENTSPage1 DRILLING AND WORKOVER DRILLING UNITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、.11.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.3 Short-Term Recommendations . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.4 Intermediate-Term Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 PERMANENT EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22.1 Background . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22.2 Philosophy/Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22.3 Short-Term-Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . .32.4 Intermediate-Term Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3v1Guidelines for Tie-downs on Offshore Production Facilities for Hurricane Season1 Drilling and Workover Drilling Units 1.1 BACKGROUND The oil and gas industry has experienced rig
26、 failures and movement of rig components during recent hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. Some, if not all, of the failures are attributable to the tie-down components. Occurrences on both fixed and floating plat-forms have resulted in significant platform damage as well as lost and/or deferred produ
27、ction. Recent experience shows that enhancements to current industry practice can improve tie-down performance during hurricanes. 1.2 PHILOSOPHY1.2.1 ApplicabilityThis document addresses situations where failure of a drilling or workover rig would result in significant damage to the platform or adja
28、cent infrastructure. Generally, this would include any facility designated as having a high or medium consequence of fail-ure as defined by API RP2A. In other situations, a risk-based operational decision process should be followed. Situations that might allow deviation from the recommendations belo
29、w include drilling operations in the non-hurricane season or the use of light-weight workover masts on shallow water platforms. 1.2.2 Design ConditionsDrilling rig tie-downs to the platform and between drilling components are critical structural components and should have the same, or higher, level
30、of design, material traceability, quality assurance, maintenance, and documentation as other critical struc-tural components.Primary rig and substructure tie-downs should be designed or assessed for location-specific loading conditions (environmental and dynamic) consistent with those utilized in th
31、e facility structural design and should be approved by an engineer experienced and qualified in offshore structural engineering. For the same design environment, wind gust and height factors appropriate for the derrick and substructure may be higher than those used for designing the topside as a who
32、le, and the short-term extremes will be much higher than the average loadings used in combination with wave forces for jacket or mooring design. Guidance in wind codes supports the use of 5-to 15-second gust factors for the design of such components. Dynamic accelerations and tilting of the platform
33、 topside should also be considered, again at the extreme (not RMS) level. Rigid body (quasi-static) analysis of the rig packages themselves may be used as a first approximation. 1.3 SHORT-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS The following items should be considered for implementation as appropriate by the platform
34、operator and/or rig owner in the short-term timeframe: Visually inspect all tie-downs to confirm that they are in good condition and are constructed per the design drawings. Verify that all tie-downs can be properly installed and that no obstructions exist that might prevent installation (e.g. stiff
35、en-ers on plate girders). For bolted tie-downs: - Verify by visual inspection that the bolts are in good physical condition. - Verify that bolts meet the required material specifications and the specifications are suitable for this application. Note: ASTM 325 or 490 high strength bolts are not recom
36、mended, since retorquing of these bolts is not permitted per AISC specifica-tions.- Verify that the number of bolt torquing cycles does not exceed the design allowable. - Verify required bolt torque is defined and required equipment/tools are available to achieve the required torque. - New bolts sho
37、uld be installed if the above items cannot be verified. For mechanical/hydraulic tie-downs:- Verify that the tie-down system is in good working condition.- Verify that operating personnel are familiar with the operating procedures of the equipment. 2 API BULLETIN 2TD- Verify that equipment is fail s
38、afe (tie-down force will be maintained in the event of equipment failure). For welded tie-downs: - Verify that plans, weld size, welding procedures, and inspection procedures are adequate. Verify that welded components of tie-downs have been properly inspected. Determine if there is a preferred well
39、 position for stowing the rig. If so, verify that this is clearly defined in the platform hur-ricane evacuation procedures. Verify that proper tie-down procedures are part of the platform evacuation procedures and that proper tie-down is verified in writing by the Offshore Installation Manager (OIM)
40、 or his designate prior to evacuation. Verify that other procedures such as setting down of all drill pipe, handling of setback load, emptying of tanks, etc. are clearly defined in the evacuation procedures and have been considered in engineering of the tie-down procedures. Verify that all required
41、tie-down tools, equipment, and labor including all required spares will be available as required prior to evacuation. Any new components should be prefabricated for quickness and ease of connection. Verify that hurricane evacuation procedures allow time for proper tie-down prior to evacuation. Where
42、 feasible, an engineered, welded stop should be installed at the end of skid beams to prevent skid packages from skid-ding off the end of the beams. Welds should be of structural quality and properly inspected. Stops should be sized to with-stand shear associated with wind and platform tilt (on floa
43、ting structures) in combination with a lower bound friction assumption. Verify that all rig packages are properly tied down based on risk appropriate environmental and dynamic loads. After each hurricane evacuation, the tie-downs should be visually inspected prior to returning the rig to normal serv
44、ice. Any damage found should be evaluated to determine if any design or procedural modifications are required. Inspection results should be documented. Damage that is repeatedly discovered indicates a need for design and/or procedure change, and should result in more frequent inspections until such
45、inspections indicate that the cause(s) of the fault(s) has been resolved. The above recommendations are considered the minimum required, and any additional inspections or modifications required to prevent movement or failure of rig package tie-downs during design storm conditions should be completed
46、 as soon as possible. 1.4 INTERMEDIATE-TERM RECOMMENDATIONSThe following items should be considered for implementation by the platform operator and/or rig owner in the intermediate-term timeframe: Review design calculations of all tie-downs with updated site-specific environmental and dynamic loads
47、and document results. Analysis and results should be approved by an engineer experienced and qualified in offshore structures. Clamps should be assessed for all appropriate well positions. Special care should be given to calculations that show either no pre-dicted uplift or only a small uplift when
48、compared to the gravity reaction. In such cases, there may effectively be no reserve against slightly higher wind forces. Review fabrication and material records to assure that all tie-down systems are properly documented. Consider replacement of tie-downs if proper documentation is not available. O
49、therwise, make an assessment based on conservative assumptions of material and weld properties. Review derrick or mast and substructure design based on site-specific environmental and dynamic loads and document results. Analysis and results should be approved by an engineer experienced and qualified in this area. 2 Permanent Equipment and Facilities2.1 BACKGROUNDPermanent equipment, quarters, and helidecks also suffered severe damage due to tie-down failure during the recent Gulf of Mex-ico hurricanes. This resulted in a significant amount of damage as well as lo
