1、API PUBL*315 93 m 0732290 0528250 T85 m Assessment of Tankfield Dike Lining Materials and Methods HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT API PUBLICATION NUMBER 315 JULY 1993 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street. Northwest e Washington, D.C. 20005 11 API PUBL*315 93 m 0732290 0528251 911 m
2、 Assessment of Tankfield Dike Lining Materials and Methods Health and Environmental Affairs Department PUBLICATION NUMBER 31 5 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: TRI/ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. 9063 BEE CAVES ROAD AUSTIN, TEXAS 78733-6201 MARCH 1993 American Petroleum Institute API PUBLa315 93 0732290 0528252 858
3、m ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Philip Del Vecchio. Mobil Corporation Gerhard L. Garteiser, Jr., Exxon Company, USA John P. Gay, Ashland Petroleum Company Neil G. Naiman, Marathon Oil Company Gregory Plassard, BP Oil Company Al E. Schoen, Jr., Mobil R however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or g
4、uarantee in connection with the publication of this guideline and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state or municipal regulation with which this guideline may conflict, nor does the Institute und
5、ertake any duty to ensure its continued accuracy. API PUBL*315 73 D 0732270 052825q 620 D TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Pape EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . e5-1 1 . INTRODUCTION . 1-1 2 . BACKGROUND 2-1 3 . REVIEW OF THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT . 3-1 FEDERAL RULES AND INITIATIVES 3-1 Spill Prevention, Control and C
6、ountermeasures Program 3-1 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 . 3-2 REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY CONTAINMENT IN SELECTED STATES 3-2 California . 3-3 Minnesota 3-3 NewJersey . 3-3 NewYork 3-3 South Dakota 3-4 Texas . 3-4 OTHER STANDARDS 3-4 REFERENCE POINT PERMEABILITY 3-4 4 . SURVEY OF CANDIDATE LINERS . 4-1 I
7、NTRODUCTION TO GEOSYNTHETICS 4-1 COATED FABRICS AND LAMINATES . 4-1 EXTRUDED FILM OR SHEET 4-2 GCLS . 4-2 SPRAY-ON COATINGS . 4-2 5 . LINER SELECTION CRITERIA 5-1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5-2 PERMEABILITY 5-4 Hydraulic Conductivity and Vapor Diffusion 5-4 API PUBLa315 93 m 0732290 0528255 567 m TABLE OF
8、CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Section 5 . LINER SELECIION CRITERIA (CONTINUED) PERMEABILITY (CONTINUED) Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity and Vapor Permeation 5-9 Unit Conversions . 5-9 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE . 5-9 INSTALLATION-RELATED FACTORS . 5-12 Seams 5-13 Sprayable Coatings . 5-13 GCLS 5-14 REPAI
9、R CONSIDERATIONS 5-14 6 . SURVEY OF INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS 6-1 PRE-LINER SITE WORK/UTILITy RELOCATION . 6-1 FIELD AND FACTORY SEAMING . 6-1 ATTACHMENT TO TANKS. RINGWALLS AND APPURTENANCES . 6-4 ANCHOR TRENCH. SUBGRADE AND COVER REQUIREMENTS . 6-4 DRAINAGE AND CATHODIC PROTECTION . 6-5 CONSTRUC
10、TION QUALITY ASSURANCE . 6-5 FIELDTESTS 6-5 Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometer Field Permeability Test . 6-6 Two-Stage Borehole Field Permeability Test 6-7 Applicability of Field Testing for Secondary Containment . 6-7 7 . DURABILITY . 7-1 MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS . 7-1 FAILUREMO
11、DES . 7-2 LINER PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE . 7-4 REFERENCES R.1 Figure 5- 1 5-2 5-3 5-4 LIST OF FIGURES Hydraulic conductivity of soils . 5-6 Diffusion in polymers . 5-7 Graphical depiction of vapor permeation across a polymer barrier. 5-8 Configuration of ASTM F 739 permeation test cells . 5-10 API
12、 PUBL*315 73 m 0732270 0528257 33T m LIST OF TABLES Table 5- 1 5-2 6-1 7- 1 Physical and mechanical test methods applicable to different liner types . 5-3 Chemical mistance criteria 5-1 1 Installation considerations for dikefield secondary containment 6-2 Summary of failure modes and preventive meas
13、ures for linertypes . 7-2 API PUBL*3LS 93 0732290 0528258 276 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report documents a study performed for the American Petroleum Institute (MI) to provide an assessment of tankfield dike lining materials and methods for secondary containment within a diked area of aboveground petro
14、leum storage facilities. For the purposes of this study, “secondary containment“ refers to the diked area of a storage tank facility and does not include lining the area beneath a storage tank. The study includes a review of the current regulatory environment and a survey of candidate liner material
15、s and installation methods. The concept of secondary containment refers to the use of systems designed to contain overflow or spills of stored product for a period long enough so that removal and cleanup can take place with minimal release to the environment. The construction and operation of aboveg
16、round storage tanks (ASTs) is covered by federal and state regulations. These include the federal Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures program under the Clean Water Act and state or local fire, safety and environmental codes. Ongoing activities under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) may
17、lead to additional secondary containment regulations for ASTs. OPAs spill prevention and response provisions have not yet resulted in new regulatory requirements; however, final rules are expected this year. Also, OPAs liner study should be completed and sent to Congxess this year. Liner requirement
18、s already exist in some states, and local rules may apply in a given location. Industry practice, consistent with these regulatory requirements, has been to provide secondary containment systems, which include dikes, berms or retaining walls surrounding storage tanks. To be effective, the walls and
19、floor of the containment area must be impervious to the product stored long enough to allow cleanup to take place in the event of a spill. One method of improving the effectiveness of diked areas in controlling spills or overflows is the use of liners to increase the imperviousness of the tankfield
20、floor and walls or dikes. Liners may be constructed of either natural materials, such as low permeability clay, or synthetic flexible membrane liners (geomembranes). As a result of this study, four types of liner systems were identified which have found application for secondary containment of petro
21、leum in diked areas surrounding ASTs: Supported coated fabrics or laminates, such as polymer films applied to a high-strength textile backing; Unsupported, extruded plastic sheet geomembranes, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE); Geosynthetic/clay composites (GCLs), which include a natural mate
22、rial such as bentonite affixed to a synthetic geotextile or plastic membrane backing; and Spray-on coatings that are applied to a geotextile backing. ES- 1 API PUBLa3L5 93 m 0732290 0528259 102 Low permeability to the contained substance is an important criterion for liner selection. Two modes of tr
23、ansport must be considered: liquid transport (hydraulic conductivity) and vapor transport (molecular diffusion or permeation). Natural materials, such as soils or clay, allow movement of liquid by hydraulic conductivity, driven by hydraulic head. However, most geomembranes are essentially impermeabl
24、e to liquids. They are permeable to vapor to a degree that depends on the solubility of the liquid in the polymer, temperature, and the thickness of the membrane. It is important to understand the distinctions between these modes of mass transfer and how they relate to liner selection, testing and p
25、erformance standards. The fundamental differences among the four liner system types make installation-related factors key to liner selection. Installation is as important to liner integrity as the physical properties, impermeability, and chemical resistance of the base liner material. Considerations
26、 include seaming techniques and methods used to join liner panels to existing structures such as tank ringwalls, pipes, or other Wield equipment. Liner cover, tankfield drainage, and cathodic protection can also be important. The AST containment field provides a challenging installation problem beca
27、use the number of sealing and liner connection points is usually large. The integrity of the liner system is dependent on attaining a liquid tight seal at all attachment points. Experience in the waste containment industry shows that liner system leakage can usually be attributed to sealing problems
28、 at points of attachment rather than permeation through liner panels. Successful installation depends on quality assurance and careful attention to detail during the construction process. The long-term integrity of a liner installation is dependent on sub-base preparatiodsettlement, the physical str
29、ength of the liner itself, its resistance to the effects of aging or environmental degradation, and its resistance to chemical attack in the event of a spill. A liner may degrade in performance over time due either to accidental or intentional damage, or due to the effects of exposure to the element
30、s. In considering liner selection and liner system design, it is important to understand the failure modes that can affect the different liner types. Over the long term any secondary containment liner system will require some degree of maintenance, inspection and repair to maintain performance as in
31、stalled. The maintenance program may be integrated into the overall tank maintenance procedures as required to maintain safety standards and sustain tank operations. ES-2 API PUBLm3LS 93 D 0732290 05282b0 924 m Section 1 INTRODUCTION This report documents work performed for the American Petroleum In
32、stitute (NI) by TRVEnvironmental, Inc. TRI, an independent contractor, performed an assessment of tankfield dike lining materials and methods for secondary containment of aboveground petroleum storage facilities. The work was performed under authorization of a Letter of Agreement from API dated Dece
33、mber 19,1991. The technical information was reviewed by APIs Storage Tank Task Force, as well as staff members from NIS Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department and the Health and Environmental Affairs Department. NIS Office of General Counsel provided infomation on federal and selected
34、state requirements for secondary containment at facilities discussed in the report. The scope of this work included a survey of the current technology base for tankfield dike lining materials and installation methods as well as a review of the current regulatory environment and a survey of candidate
35、 materials and installationkonstruction methods. The scope of the study was limited to lining materials and methods applicable to the diked area outside the storage tank itself. The study does not cover liner installations for secondary containment underneath tanks. 1-1 API PUBL*315 93 0732290 05282
36、63 860 Section 2 BACKGROUND The petroleum industry uses aboveground storage tank (AST) facilities for storing large quantities of crude oil, petroleum products and additives. The construction and operation of such facilities is covered by federal and state regulations. These include the federal Clea
37、n Water Acts Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures program and requirements being implemented under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, as well as state and local fire, safety and environmental codes. Several industry standards have been provided by groups such as the National Fire Protection Ass
38、ociation, the Western Fire Chiefs Association, and API. These standards form the basis for most state and local fire or safety codes that govern AST facility construction and operation. The industry practice consistent with these codes and standards has been to provide spill containment systems, inc
39、luding dikes, berms or retaining walls surrounding storage tanks. Berms were originally installed for lateral control. In recent years, many companies have begun to install liners for tank bottoms. Secondary containment systems are designed to contain overflow or spills of stored material for a long
40、 enough period to allow removal and cleanup without release of spilled material to the environment. The volume contained within the diked area must exceed the capacity of the largest tank located within the field. One method of improving the effectiveness of diked areas in preventing groundwater con
41、tamination is to use liners to increase the imperviousness of the tankfield floor and walls or dikes. Liners may be natural materials such as low permeability clay or geomembranes (synthetic flexible membrane liners). AST facilities range from very large installations such as tank farms at pipeline
42、or shipping terminals to individual retail and oil production sites that may consist of as few as one tank. AST facilities currently are subject to state and local regulations which vary from state to state, covering many aspects of construction, operation, and maintenance. In some areas of the coun
43、try, natural or synthetic liner materials have been installed to meet new state or local requirements for Wield secondary containment. Liners can be retrofitted to an existing facility or installed as part of new construction. At present there is no universal regulatory requirement or industry stand
44、ard that requires the use of liners in the secondary containment (diked) area, The following considerations are important to liner selection. First, a wide array of synthetic liners is available, many of which were developed for other applications such as waste containment. However, the industry lac
45、ks a consistent basis for comparison and selection, and must depend heavily on manufacturers claims for performance and durability. Also, the installation of tankfield liners is a relatively recent practice, and long term experience with the use of liners in the tankfield is lacking. 2- 1 API PUBL*3
46、LS 93 m 0732290 0528262 7T7 The petroleum industry has been, and continues to be, affected in a significant way by new environmental, safety and health regulations. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was passed by Congress in the interest of protecting the environment from releases of hydrocarbon fuels f
47、rom sources such as petroleum ASTS. Under the Acts mandate, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency PA) has initiated a study of available technology for secondary containment of petroleum fuels and other hydrocarbons stored in bulk in aboveground facilities. The purpose of the API liner study docu
48、mented in this report is to provide a reference source for selection criteria, technical standards, field and laboratory evaluation of liner performance, as well as installation considerations for synthetic liner systems. 2-2 API PUBLX3LS 93 m 0732290 0528263 b33 m Section 3 REVIEW OF THE REGULATORY
49、 ENVIRONMENT This section describes existing and proposed federal and selected state requirements that address the use of liners to reduce the permeability of tankfield floors and dikes, and the construction and operation of AST facilities in general. The information is up to date through March 1993. However, there has been significant activity in both state and federal regulatory agencies to introduce new regulations for ASTs that may result in changes to the regulatory requirements presented below. In any event, the summary of requirements discussed below is presented
