1、API PUBLS4527 93 = 0732290 05LLO2 556 = Evaluation of Limiting Constituents Suggested for Land Disposal of Exploration and Production Wastes HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT AND EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4527 AUGUST 1993 American Petroleum Institute 122
2、0 L Street. Northwest 111 Washington, D.C. 20005 API PUBLJ4527 93 0732290 0517103 492 Eva1 uation of Li miti ng Constituents Suggested for Land Disposal of Exploration and Production Wastes Health and Environmental Sciences Department and Exploration and Production Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER
3、4527 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: LLOYD E. DEUEL, JR., Ph.D. SOIL ANALYTICAL SERVICES, INC. 41 5 GRAHAM ROAD COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77485 JULY 1991 Amerlcan Petroleum Institute API PUBL*4527 93 0732290 0517104 329 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPEC
4、T TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. AFI IS NOT UNDERTmG TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS To WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAU
5、TIONS, NOR UNDFRTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FA-, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOU
6、LD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- Cbpy-right (u 1993 American Petroieum Institute ii API PUBL*4527 33 = 0732230 0537305 265 Section 1: Section 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction and Executive Summary 1
7、Technical Justification and Literature Review 3 2.1 Limiting Constituents 3 2.2 Salinity . 3 2.3 Sodicity (ESP and SAR) 14 2.4 Hydrocarbons . 17 2.5 Summary . 24 Section 3: Pit Operations and Land Disposal . 25 3.1 Pit Operations 25 3.2 Summary of Guideline Thresholds and Application . 29 3.3 Flow D
8、iagram for Pit Liquid Disposal . 31 3.4 Flow Diagram for Pit Solids Disposal . 32 3.5 Parameters and Example Calculations for Management of Pit Wastes by Land Treatment 34 References . 39 Appendix 47 API PUBLX4527 93 W 0732290 0517106 LTL W SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Onshore explor
9、ation and production (E and oil and grease (O the rationale being that salt accumulated outside the bulk soil mass (in pores and on ped surfaces) is more easily displaced than that penetrated into and reacted with the bulk soil mass. If the salinity is initially too high for a given crop after land
10、applications of waste, soils will generally recover following rainfall or irrigation containing less salt because excess salts are leached when adequate drainage is present. Growth of more salt tolerant plants may be desirable during the interim 7 API PUBLX4527 93 0732290 05LLL3 331 cn n. O L - a o
11、a, a Co .- n L a, a LL .- .- U a m O L m c O o L c O O +., ci o (d a, Q 3 O o X a LL - ci 3 C Ca a, e r U U a n a, O - .- a E 3 c o, O cn L o m Lo cv O cv Lo F O r Lo O - Y 8 API PUBLX4527 93 0732290 0517115 LO4 cn Q O L a, 0 U S cd cn a, Co cn cd t nn aia ao a o 6 3 o a a lL o) E CLL O c9 Lo cv O C
12、u In 7 O 7 Lo O h L IL 9 API PUBL*4527 93 0732290 05L7LLb 040 W Lo c7 o Cll Lo N O N lo Y O Y Lo O h CD a3 -# x Q)= O U a.+) 10 API PUBLa4527 93 0732290 0517117 T87 between application and recovery (Foth and Turk, 1972). Reclama- tion of salt-containing soils may be hastened through the appli- catio
13、n of calcium sulfate (gypsum) which results in the replacement of exchangeable sodium by calcium (Oster and Rhoades, 1984). Plants grown on gypsiferous soils will tolerate an EC approximately 2 mmho/cm higher than those shown in Figures 1 through 3 (Mass, 1986). This is because gypsum is dissolved a
14、t moisture equivalents used in preparing saturated soil extracts for analysis but not at moisture equivalents normal to field conditions. USDA Handbook 60 (U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff,1954) clas- sifies water with EC values above 2.25 mmho/cm as unfit for agricultural purposes except under very s
15、pecial circumstances. Soils with salinity levels 4 mmho/cm are considered saline. The recommended criteria of 4 mmho/cm is too high for the mo:re salt sensitive crops (Table i), and some adjustments may have to be made relative to intended land use. Miller and Pesaran (:L980) found that high concent
16、rations of soluble salts in mud-treated soil hindered plant growth in a 1:l mud:soil mixture. their data where EC of the mud:soil mixture was 200 mmho/cm) posed a threat to local- ized groundwater resources. However, the EC of 200 mmho/cm greatly exceeds the recommended threshold of 4 mmho/cm. Bates
17、 (1988), working with a freshwater drilling fluid, demon- strated that C1 was not retained in the zone of incorporation when mixed with surface soil. The criteria of 4 mmho/cm (2452 mg/liter TDS for riA1r = 613) can be expected to have no measurable impact on groundwater even in the most sensitive h
18、ydrological settings. Water and associat- ed dissolved constituents do not move through soils as an isolat- ed unit (plug flow), instead there is a natural redistribution controlled by water potentials, pore dynamics, dispersion, and 12 API PUBL*12) in soil solution cause Ca and Mg deficiencies in p
19、lants by both antagonistic reactions and shift- ing of solubilities by common ion effect (Kramer, 1969; U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954). 15 API PUBLx4527 93 = 0732290 0517122 344 = Soils reacted with solutions of high SAR are at risk of becoming sodic. A soil is termed sodic when the ESP excee
20、ds 15% of the CEC (U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954). The most distinguishing feature of sodic soils is their lack of structure and tendency to disperse in water. A dispersed soil condition has a devastating impact on plants by limiting the free exchange of air and infiltration of water (Reeve a
21、nd Fireman, 1967; Bresler et al., 1983). Research conducted by Tucker (1985) involving land disposal of waste drilling fluids indicated that SAR 200 and ESP 90, when salinities were 3.0% of soil weight coastal bermuda grass, trees, plantain 20 API PUBLX4527 CI3 0732290 0517126 T9T These studies indi
22、cate that under hydrocarbon loadings 1%, E Weldon, 1978). The recent review by EPA (1987) of E Atlas and Bartha, 1972; Jobson et al., 1972; Kincannon, 1972; Westlake et al., 1974; Horowitz et al., 1975; Sveinung et al., 1986). Saturates and light-end aromatics are degraded first, with kinetics or ra
23、te of degradation controlled by concentration and composition of hydro- carbons, nutritive status, aeration, moisture and temperature (Schwendinger, 1968; Francke and Clark, 1974; Huddleston and 22 API PUBL*q527 93 m 0732290 0517128 862 m Meyers, 1978; Dibble and Bartha, 1979; Brown et al., 1983; Fl
24、owers et al., 1984; Bleckmann et al., 1989). Mechanisms and pathways of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons are quite complex and are beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice it to say that the narrower the carbon:nitrogen ratio (60-100 C:N) and the nearer the moisture and temperature are to opt
25、imum levels (60-80% of the moisture retained in soil at 0.33 bar pressure and 35-38C, respectively), the greater the rate of degradation. Watts et al. (1982) measured a 2-year half life for a 14% by volume loading of oil to soil. Streebin et al. (1985) also found a half life of about 2 years for API
26、 separator sludge at a similar loading rate. At a loading rate of 2% in the field, 94% of hydrocarbons were removed after 3.5 years (Oudot et al, 1989). Lynch and Genes (1987) determined a half life of 77 days on a field plot containing up to 1% polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil with 5% benzene extr
27、actable hydrocarbons. It has been demonstrated that degradative processes attenuate the more mobile, light-end aromatic and water-soluble petroleum hydrocarbons when applied to the surface with little potential for contaminant migration (Raymond, 1975; Brown et al., 1983; Brown and Deuel, 1983; Whit
28、fill and Boyd, 1987; Bleckmann et al., 1989). Whitfill and Boyd (1987) reported that soils may be treated with up to 5% oil by weight with no adverse environment impact. Several studies have shown that controlled oil applications actually improve soil physical conditions and fertility status (Plice,
29、 1948; Mackin, 1950; Ellis and Adams, 1961; Baker, 1970; Giddens, 1976). 23 API PUBL*4527 93 m 0732290 0517l129 7T9 m 2.4.4 Criteria The API Environmental Guidance Document recommends a 1% oil and grease threshold for land disposal of E&P wastes based on attenuation and degradation processes that wi
30、ll occur under landspreading conditions. This value is predicated on the con- cept of minimum management, whereby an operator may load a soil (add hydrocarbon) at an appropriate mix ratio (E&P waste:soil) not to exceed 1% oil and grease. Available information demon- strates that 1% hydrocarbon by we
31、ight was a reasonable threshold initiating only temporary plant yield reductions. 2.5 Summary This information supports the guidance values that have been developed for the land disposal of exploration and production wastes. values are EC 4 mmho/cm, SAR 12, ESP 15%, and O&G 1%. These guidance values
32、 have been developed to be generally ap- plicable for any waste containing salts or petroleum hydrocarbons including E&P wastes. They are designed to protect the environ- ment under conditions most likely to be found at E&P locations. While beins qenerally applicable, it is UD to the operator to det
33、ermine whether they apply to his particular site. For a one-time application the guidance 24 API PUBL*4527 93 = 0732290 0517130 410 SECTION 3 PIT OPERATIONS AND LAND DISPOSAL 3.1 Pit Operations 3.1.1 Sealing Process One factor that limits the potential of contaminant migra- tion from waste drilling
34、fluids managed in earthen pits and buried on site is the effective sealing offered by dispersed particulates (Rowsell et al., 1985). Many drilling muds are primarily clay-water suspensions that function to clean any cuttings from beneath the drill bit and carry them to the surface, seal and stabiliz
35、e the bore hole, and lubricate the drill string and bit. A significant portion of this mud is circulated to the reserve pit as waste drilling fluid along with the drill cuttings. associated with mud and cuttings penetrate the natural earthen surface defining the pit walls and bottom. This seals the
36、pit forming a natural liner system. The more clay and the smaller the pore diameter of the native soil the quicker the seal. Clay and fine silt particles It has been observed by the author of this paper that pits constructed in coarser textured soils, and loamy or clayey soils in an aridic soil mois
37、ture regime, are penetrated deeper by waste drilling fluids natural liner condition than in moist loamy or clayey soils. soil layer composing this mmnaturalmt liner not only serves as a physical barrier, but also has chemisorptive properties further and require more fine particulates to develop a Th
38、e 25 API PUBLm4527 93 = 0732290 05L7L3L 357 reducing the potential for pollutant migration. Prewetting the surface of pits constructed in coarse textured soils or loamy and clayey soils exhibiting vertical cracks may reduce the depth of penetration and the amount of fine particulates needed to effec
39、t a natural liner seal. 3.1.2 Pit Liquids 3.1.2.1 Operative Criteria Pit liquid is defined as the aqueous phase above settled solids. The API Environmental Guidance Document recommends an operative criteria of 4 mmho/cm (2452 mg/liter TDS for riA1r = 613). See Section 2.2.1 for parameter definitions
40、 and compara- tive discussion. EC serves as an index parameter for decision- making purposes relative to pit liquid disposal options. Pit liquid analyses do not necessarily reflect what is in the pit solids, separate analyses are required to obtain a complete understanding of pit contents. 3.1.2.2 S
41、ampling and Analysis Numerous grab samples at various depths improve statistical probability of obtaining a representative sample. Containers that can be opened below the surface at a selected depth interval are a must when sampling multiphase liquids (oil layer over water). Expensive sampling equipment is usually not necessary and more often than not fails under field trials. Scrupulous clean- ing of sampling hardware is requisite in preventing cross 26
