1、American Petroleum Institute . -mm Proceedings of the 1995API and GIU Naturdy Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) I Conference Exploration and Production Department API Publication 7104 November, 1997 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7LO4-ENGL L977 0732290 Ob01772 772 E Envrannmtal Purtnmbip One of the most sig
2、nificant long-tem trends affecting the future vitality of the petroleum indus0 is the publics concerns about the environment, health and safety. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward-looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnersh
3、ip. This initiative aims to build under- standing and credibility with stakeholders by continually improving our industrys envi- ronmental, health and safety pehormance; documenting performance; and communicating with the public. AP1 ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY MISSION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES Th
4、e members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically devel- oping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility to wor
5、k with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, #PI members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following prin
6、ciples using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices: To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod- ucts and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner th
7、at protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental consider-ations a priority in our planning, and our developmtnt of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officiais, employ-ees, customers and the pub
8、lic of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly discla
9、ims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufactur- ing, Distribution and
10、 Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7LOL-I-ENGL 1997 0732290 Ob01775 bB1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Session 1: Measurement and Survev Determination of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in Samples from the Gas and Oil Indust
11、ry 3 W.A.I. Knaepen, W. Bergwerf, P.F.J. Lance and G. Jonkers, Shell Research B.V. - Amsterdam Detecting NORM Contaminated Tubing During Fulling Operations . 17 Thomas M. Williams, Texaco, Inc., EPTD High Density Radiological Site Characterization Surveys for NORM Sites 23 C.R. Flynn, M.S. Blair and
12、 R.R. Highfill, Chemrad Tennessee Corp. Methods of Estimating Dose to Individuals from NORM 35 J.L. Alvarez, Auxier R. Gedes, Monsanto Chemical Co.; J. R. Rice, FMC Corporation Evaluation of NORM Site Release Criteria for Unrestricted Use 47 Alan McArthur, Central Environmental, Inc.; Simon Schroede
13、r, Environmental Management, Inc.; William Lemons, Core Laboratories, Inc. Radioactive Lead: An Underestimated NORM Issue? 59 F.A. Hartog, W.A.I. Knaepen and G. Jonkers, Shell Research B.V. - Amsterdam Session 2: Remlatorv - Issues and Activities Development of a Comprehensive NORM Program 73 Steve
14、Woods, Steve Abemathy, Halliburton Energy Services; Peter Johnson, CORPEX Technologies, Inc. Transportation Regulations for LSA NORM 79 A. Wendell Carriker, Jack G. Albright, Office of Hazardous Materiais Technology, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Wa
15、shington, D.C. vi i STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7104-ENGL 1997 0732290 ObOL77h 5LB TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Session 3: NORM Management and DisDosal Effective Removal of NORM Scale in the Rycroft Field . 95 W.G.F. Ford, L.L. Gadeken, T. J. Callahan, Halliburon Energy Services; D. Jackson, Pan Canadi
16、an Petroleum Limited Technical Profde of the Envirocare of Utah, Inc. NORM Disposal Operation 103 Kevin C. Fuller, Envirocare of Utah, Inc. Modeling of NORM Injection in a Layered Geologic System. . 109 G.P. Williams, K.P. Smith, D.L. Blunt, Argonne National Laboratory; C.L. Tebes, University of Ill
17、inois Champaign/rban Session 4: NORM Scale Prediction and Control Controlling Barium Sulfate Scale Deposition by Inhibitor Squeeze at the Guerra Well in South Texas: A Case Study 125 Michael J. McKenzie, Texaco E Shiliang He, Rice University; Charles Hinrichsen, Texaco, Inc.; John E. Oddo, Water Res
18、earch Institute; Anthony J. Gerbino, OLI Systems, Inc.; Amy T. Kan, Mason B. Tomson, Rice University A Laboratory and Field Study of the Mitigation of NORM Scale in the Gulf Coast Region of the United States 133 John E. Oddo, Xiliang Zhou, Water Research Institute; Jorge P. Gamez, Gas Research Insti
19、tute; Shiliang He, Mason B. Tomson, Rice University P.J. Shuler, Chevron Petroleun Technology Company; D.A. Baudoin, Chevron U.S.A.; D.J. Weintritt, Weintritt Consulting Control of NORM at Eugene Island 341-A. 143 A Comparison of NORM Scale Dissolvers . 163 Remediation of Normally Occurring Radioact
20、ive Material (N.O.R.M.): AFieldT . 179 Darre11 L. Gallup, Unocal Corporation J.D. Orum, D. Baudoin, AMBAR Laboratories; O. Bxiscoe, AMBAR, Inc. ix Previous page is blank STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7104-ENGL L797 0732270 ObOL777 454 rn TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Computer Aided Prediction of NORM Asso
21、ciated Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 A.J. Gerbino, S.J. Saunders, M. Rafal, OLI Systems, Inc. xi Previous page is blank SESSION 1 MEASUREMENT AND SURVEY 1 I, STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7LCILi-ENGL L997 0732290 ObOL779 227 El DETERMINATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES
22、IN SAMPLES FROM THE GAS AND OIL INDUSTRY. Vaiidatlon of Analytical Methods through an Interlaboratory Test Programme W.A.1. Knaepen, W. Bergwed, P.F.J. Lance and G. Jonkers SUMMARY The buUd-up of Naturaiiy Occurring Radionudides (NORs), leading to the production of various types of Naturally Occurri
23、ng Radioactive Material (NORM), is often encountered duting gas and cil production c.q. treatment This gives rise to increased health hazards to personnel and to an environmentai waste management problem Both the NORs considered to be relevant for E the lack of certified procedures for E the strongl
24、y growing awareness of the need for standardisation in environmental screening matters, and the potentiai liabflities, is needless to state that both sampling and analysis methods,whichbothareiable,aandardizedandacceptabletothecompetentauthorities,area need. In pracllce, the availability cd adequate
25、 and proper NORM sampling an analysts methods would allcrw: 7) to enable accurate determination ofthe strict radldoglcal levels on-site, 2) to qualify and to process production facility parts as weil BS sscondary stteams and waste, 3) to enable mprng to authorities of NORM aethrttyconcentraons invol
26、ved, and 4) to carry out reliable quantftatlve risk assessments. The avaflabky of these methods Wal also strengthen the negotiating position of the ErasiOn of NOR analysis of samples stemming from the E hphathon condensate acid extracted and subsequent reduction by evaporation) E - E - or-spectromet
27、ry. . the accuracy of the +o spike used for n?o analysis, and In view of the importance of the Rndings to ail institutes as a rst step to standardisation, the resuits of the intertaboratory test programme on NORM analysis have been published hi a joint mrdti-institute CO- authorships. AS such, these
28、 NORM analysis methods Wal not be prescribed in a strict manner to the operating companies, but the various attention points therein which may lead to erroneous resutts have dearly been indicated. Finally, also the standardisation of methods for E&P NORM sampling is, as far as possible, is a crltiml
29、 need. A generic standardisation for EW sampling is wrrentiy the subject of a currently ongoing research program at Shell Research Amsterdm REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 0. 1. Waldham, Natural Radioacbhe Scale: rtte Development of safe Systems to Work, 1985. SPE 1 4M)2/1. Guidelines on Radiologid
30、MOnitodnQ for offshore Oil end Gas Facilliaes Opemtors Associated wfth Technoiogicalty Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radlacth Ma Wal, Atomic Energy Ucensing Board, Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Environment, Federation of Malaw LEM/TEK/3, September 1991. G.E. Smith, T. Fzglbbon and S. UQ, Ecmmi
31、c Impact of Potentat NORM Regulations, SPE/EPA E&P Environmental Conference, Houston, Texas, March 27-29,1995,181- 194 (SPE 29708). Revised DM Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE laying down the basic stendards for the protection of the health of workers and he general public against the dangers arisin
32、g from ionizing radiation, Commission of the European Communities, COM(93), BNssels, July 1993. WAi. Knaepen. W. Bergwed, P.FJ. Lance, W. van D9k J.F.W. Jamen, RG.C. Janssen, W.H.T. Wenberg, R. van Siuijs, M.H. Tijsmans, KJ. Vdkers and P.I. Voors, Siateof-theart of NORM nuclide determination In samp
33、les from oil and gas pmducon. Vdidaon of potentid standatimon methods through an interiabonitory test progmme, to be published in J.Radioanal. and Nud. Chem., Ariides, 1995, Vd. 198. HA Wdlenberg and AR. Smith, A Geochemical Assessment of Tenesirial pray Absohed Dose Rates, Health Physics, 58 (1990)
34、 183 - 189. B.P. Tit and D.H. Weite, Petroleum Formation and OcCumence, 1984,2nd revised and enlarged edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Uranium-seres Dsequilbrium, Applications to Earth, Marne and EmdronmeW Sciences, M. ivanovich and R.S. Hannon (eds), Clarendon Press, Oxford, UY 1992. 10 -
35、 - - STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7104-ENGL 1997 0732290 Ob01787 3T3 E 9. G. Jonkers, WAl. Knaepen and F.A Hartog, Natural& Occumng Radionuclides (NORs) during gas/ol production/processing, to be published. 10. FA Hattog, W.Al. Knaepen and G. Jonkers, Leiid-270: An Underestimated NORM Issue?, this conference
36、proceedings. 11. N.H. Cutshait, T.L Larsen and C.R. Oison, Nud. lnstr. Methods, 206 (1983) 309 12. L Moem, Nud. instrum. Methods 187 (1981) 451472 13. M. Wojcik, Lonptetm measurements of Rn and shofi-llved Rn daughter concemitiins in natural gas from disribuon fine, Heatth Physics, 57, (1989) 989-99
37、1 14. W.J.Un and G. Harbottle, J. Radioanal. Nud. Chem. (Letters) 153 (1991) 137-149 15. W.J. Un and G. Harbottle, J. Radioanal. Nud. Chem. (Artides) 157 (1992) 367-372 16. AS. Murray, R. Marten, A Johnston and P. Martin, J. Radioanai. Nud. Chem. (Artides) 115 (1987) 263-288 NOR y-YIELD DATA USED, S
38、TARTING WITH STAGE 3 in secular series y-photon enew (km 338.4 911.1 969.1 yemitting isotope =Ac 238.6 300.0 43.10 3.34 727.3 583.1 860.6 261 4.5 29.40 4.32 3420 63.3 928 3.81 5.57 - 1001.0 67.7 0.37 3.51 186.1 258.8 2952 351.9 480.4 0.55 19.30 37.60 0.32 369.1 m.3 665.5 719.9 768.4 8062 934.1 1120.
39、3 11552 1238.1 1281.0 1385.3 1401.5 1408.0 15092 1661.3 1729.6 17645 1847.5 21 18.5 2204.0 i3n.a 0.42 46.09 1.56 0.38 4.94 1.22 3.03 15.10 1 .63 5.79 1.43 4.00 0.78 127 215 21 1 1.15 292 15.40 212 121 4.99 “Vb 46.5 4.00 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7L04-ENGL L997 e 0732290 ObL789 L76 mH U 210Bj Uranium (Z = 9
40、2) Proactinium (Z = 91) Thorium (2 = 90) 214 Po 28 Po 160 us 3.1 min 214 i a a Radium 206 Pb Stable (Z = 88) 20 min )t 214 Pb 27 min i I , 22 Y LY 7.710 Y U t pl a t Radon (2 = 86) ( Rn also called Radon) Polonium Bismuth Lead (2 = (2 = (Z = Figure 1 Principal decay scheme of 9. The chemical symbol
41、(or atomic number 2) reflects the chemical properties, the superscript isotopic number (or atomic mass) reflects the radiation properties. adecay lowers the atomic number with 2 and atomic mass with 4. edecay increases the atomic number with 1, whe the atomic mass remains the same. 13 i 0.3 cis U 21
42、2 Bi 60.6 min Thorium (2 = 90) I Polonium (2 = 84) 26 Po 0.15 s a Bismuth (2 = 83) Actinium (Z = 89) Radium (Z = 88) a Pb 212pb Lead (Z = 82) Stable t(3656) 10.6 h i Radon (Z=86) (220 Rn also called Thoron) , Ti 3.1 min rl a a Thallium (Z = 81) 3.7 d 5.8 y U t Figure 2 Principal decay scheme of vh.
43、The chemical symbol (Or aomlc number z) reftects the chemical properties, the superscript isotopic number (or atomlc mass) mects the radiation properties. udecay lowers the atomic number with 2 and atOmlc mass with 4. edecay Increases the atomlc number wlth 1, WhOe the atomlc mass remains the 8am. 1
44、4 . STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7104-ENGL 1997 0732290 0601791 824 H lnr tliu to * 0,s O In-tltutr nrtlo z? Inrtltutr ._ Inrtltutr Figure 3 Accuracy improvement trends of averaged NOR y-spectrometric resuits for each stage (Si to S4) of the interfabratory test programme. Results as well as a 10% error range
45、are shown, reiative to the resuits of the reference Instttute (Le. PTB). i5 DETECTING NORM CONTAMINATED TUBING DURING PULLING OPERATIONS T. M. Williams, Texaco, Inc., EPTD ABS7RACT A system has been developed and field tested that can detect NORM contaminated tubing 8s it Is pulled from a welt. E8r)
46、y, automatic identification of contaminated tubing can reduce the manpower required to manu8lly survey ail tubing for contamination. Early detection wit also allow field personnel to separate the contaminated tubing 8nd handle it as needed to prevent the spread of contamination. The system is compos
47、ed of a sodium iodide detector and an 818ming rate meter that can be mounted remotely. The alarm level is adjustable so it can be set to the desired level for different tube sizes, installation geometries, and background levels. INTRODUCTION Oil well tubing contaminated with NORM (Naturally Occurrin
48、g Radioactive Material) is found in many producing fields. To reduce the manpower requirements needed to identify contaminated tubing, we have developed and tested a system to identify contaminated tubing as it is pulled from a well. To reduce the cost of development and reduce the final cost to use
49、rs, we tested components of several commerciaf instruments. We laboratory tested several systems and selected two of them for a field test. One of the systems selected for a field test was mounted in an explosion proof box such as may be required in hazardous locations. Field tests have been held in west Texas and near offshore Louisiana. The field tested systems consisted of a 3x3 inch sodium iodide crystal detector and an alarming ratemeter. The systems were able to detect the contaminated tubing
