1、Rheology and Hydraulics of Oil-well Fluids API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13D SIXTH EDITION, MAY 2010Rheology and Hydraulics of Oil-well Fluids Upstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13D SIXTH EDITION, MAY 2010Special Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect
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15、roduced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under
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17、irector. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catal
18、og of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org. iii iContents Page Foreword . iii 1 Scope .
19、 . 1 2 Normative references 2 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 2 4 Fundamentals and fluid models . 6 4.1 Flow regime principle . . 6 4.2 Viscosity . 7 4.3 Shear stress . 8 4.4 Shear rate . 9 4.5 Relationship of shear stress and shear rate . 11 4.6 Fluid characterization 11 4.7 Newto
20、nian fluids 11 4.8 Non-Newtonian fluids 11 4.9 Rheological models . 12 5 Determination of drilling fluid rheological parameters 13 5.1 Measurement of rheological parameters 13 5.2 Rheological models . 15 6 Prediction of downhole behaviour of drilling fluids 18 6.1 Principle . . 18 6.2 Circulating te
21、mperature predictions in oil-well drilling . 18 6.3 Prediction of downhole rheology of oil-well drilling fluids . 20 6.4 Prediction of downhole density of oil-well drilling fluids 22 7 Pressure-loss modeling 25 7.1 Principle . . 25 7.2 Basic relationships 25 7.3 Surface-connection pressure loss . 26
22、 7.4 Drillstring and annular frictional pressure loss . 27 7.4.1 Principle . . 27 7.4.2 Section lengths for pressure-loss calculations . 27 7.4.3 Fluid velocity 27 7.4.4 Hydraulic diameter 27 7.4.5 Rheological parameters 28 7.4.6 Shear-rate geometry correction factors 28 7.4.7 Shear rate at the wall
23、 . 29 7.4.8 Shear stress at the wall (flow equation) 29 7.4.9 Flow regime . . 29 7.4.10 Critical flow rate . 31 7.4.11 Friction factor . 31 7.4.12 Frictional pressure loss . . 32 7.4.13 Special considerations 33 7.5 Bit pressure loss . . 34 7.6 Downhole-tools pressure loss . 34 7.7 Choke-line pressu
24、re loss 35 7.8 Casing pressure . 35 7.9 Equivalent circulating density (ECD) . 35 8 Swab/surge pressures 36 8.1 Principle . . 36 8.2 Controlling parameters . 36 ii 8.2.1 String speed 36 8.2.2 Displaced fluid 36 8.2.3 Compressibility . 36 8.2.4 Clinging factor . 37 8.2.5 Effective velocity . 37 8.2.6
25、 Pumps on . 37 8.2.7 Drilling fluid properties as a function of pressure and temperature . 37 8.2.8 Frictional pressure loss . 37 8.2.9 Acceleration pressure drop . 37 8.2.10 Breaking the gel 38 8.3 Closed-string procedure 38 8.4 Open-string procedure . 39 8.5 Transient swab/surge analysis 39 9 Hole
26、 cleaning . 40 9.1 Description of the challenge 40 9.2 How cuttings are transported 40 9.2.1 Vertical versus high angle . 40 9.2.2 Forces acting on cuttings 40 9.3 Review of modeling approaches . 41 9.3.1 Vertical and low-inclination wells . 41 9.3.2 High-angle wells 42 9.4 Recommended calculation m
27、ethods 43 9.4.1 Vertical and low-angle wells 43 9.4.2 High-angle wells 44 9.4.3 Impact of drillpipe rotation. 45 9.5 Recommended hole cleaning practices . 46 9.5.1 Guidelines on viscous / dense pills 46 9.5.2 Circulation prior to tripping . 46 9.5.3 Recommended drilling practices 47 9.6 Impact of cu
28、ttings loading on ECD . 47 9.6.1 Vertical and low-angle Wells . 47 9.6.2 High-angle wells 47 9.6.3 Calculation methods . 47 9.7 Barite sag . 47 10 Hydraulics optimization . 49 10.1 Optimization objectives 49 10.1.1 Principle of hydraulic optimization . 49 10.1.2 Maximizing HSI and impact force 49 10
29、.1.3 Maximizing jet velocity . 50 10.1.4 Annular velocity 50 10.2 Calculation . 50 10.3 Reaming while drilling with a pilot-bit configuration 52 10.4 Bit-nozzle selection 52 10.5 Pump-off pressure/force 52 11 Rig-site monitoring . 53 11.1 Introduction . 53 11.2 Measurement of annular pressure loss 5
30、3 11.2.1 Equivalent circulating density . 53 11.2.2 Pumps-off measurements 54 11.2.3 Data formats 54 11.2.4 Drillers logs . 55 11.2.5 Time-based log format. 55 11.3 Validation of hydraulics models 56 11.3.1 Principle . 56 11.3.2 Rigsite calibration . 56 11.3.3 Drillpipe rotation . 56 11.4 Interpreta
31、tion table for downhole pressure measurements . 57 iiiAnnex A . 59 A.1 Well information . 59 A.2 Drilling fluid information . 59 A.3 Wellbore temperature and profile 59 A.4 Wellbore schematic . 60 Annex B . 61 B.1 Downhole density modeling . 61 B.2 Downhole rheology modeling 62 B.2.1 Rheological pro
32、files 62 B.2.2 Results for rheological models 62 Annex C . 63 C.1 Input parameters . . 63 C.2 Pressure loss in drillstring . 63 C.3 Pressure loss in annulus 63 Annex D . 65 D.1 Input parameters . . 65 D.2 Closed-ended case . . 65 D.3 Open-ended case . 65 Annex E . . 67 E.1 Input parameters . . 67 E.
33、2 Hole cleaning in marine riser . 67 E.3 Hole cleaning in vertical casing . 67 E.4 Hole cleaning in open hole section . 68 Annex F 70 F.1 Input parameters . . 70 F.2 Maximum hydraulic impact 71 F.2.1 Maximum hydraulic impact method 71 F.2.2 Maximum hydraulic power method . 72 F.3 Comparison of optim
34、ization methods . 73 Bibliography 74 1 Rheology and hydraulics of oil-well drilling fluids 1 Scope 1.1 The objective of this Recommended Practice (RP) is to provide a basic understanding of and guidance about drilling fluid rheology and hydraulics, and their application to drilling operations. 1.2 T
35、he target audience for this RP covers both the office and wellsite engineer. The complexity of the equations used is such that a competent engineer can use a simple spreadsheet program to conduct the analyses. Given that the equations used herein are constrained by the spreadsheet limitation, more a
36、dvanced numerical solutions containing multiple subroutines and macros are not offered. This limitation does not mean that only the results given by the spreadsheet methods are valid engineering solutions. 1.3 Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of matter. Drilling fluid hydraulics per
37、tains to both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The methods for the calculations used herein take into account the effects of temperature and pressure on the rheology and density of the drilling fluid. 1.4 For this RP, rheology is the study of flow characteristics of a drilling fluid and how these
38、 characteristics affect movement of the fluid. Specific measurements are made on a fluid to determine rheological parameters under a variety of conditions. From this information the circulating system can be designed or evaluated regarding how it will accomplish certain desired objectives. 1.5 The p
39、urpose for updating the existing RP, last published in May 2003, is to make the work more applicable to the complex wells that are now commonly drilled. These include: High-Temperature/High-Pressure (HTHP), Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD), and High-Angle Wells (HAW). Drilling fluid rheology is importa
40、nt in the following determinations: a) calculating frictional pressure losses in pipes and annuli, b) determining equivalent circulating density of the drilling fluid under downhole conditions, c) determining flow regimes in the annulus, d) estimating hole-cleaning efficiency, e) estimating swab/sur
41、ge pressures, f) optimizing the drilling fluid circulating system for improved drilling efficiency. 1.6 The discussion of rheology in this RP is limited to single-phase liquid flow. Some commonly used concepts pertinent to rheology and flow are presented. Mathematical models relating shear stress to
42、 shear rate and formulas for estimating pressure losses, equivalent circulating densities and hole cleaning are included. 1.7 The conventional U.S. Customary (USC) unit system is used in this RP. 1.8 Conversion factors and examples are included for all calculations so that USC units can be readily c
43、onverted to SI units. Where units are not specified, as in the development of equations, any consistent system of units may be used. 2 RHEOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS OF OIL-WELL DRILLING FLUIDS 1.9 The concepts of viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate are very important in understanding the flow characte
44、ristics of a fluid. The measurement of these properties allows a mathematical description of circulating fluid flow. The rheological properties of a drilling fluid directly affect its flow characteristics and all hydraulic calculations. They must be controlled for the fluid to perform its various fu
45、nctions. 1.10 This revised document includes some example calculations to illustrate how the equations contained within the document can be used to model a hypothetical well. Due to space constraints, it has not been possible to include a step-by-step procedure for every case. However, the final res
46、ults should serve as a benchmark if the user wishes to replicate the given cases. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
47、referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Recommended Practice 13B-1/ISO 10414-1, Recommended Practice Standard Procedure for Field Testing Water-based Drilling Fluids API Recommended Practice 13B-2/ISO 10414-2, Recommended Practice Standard Procedure for Field Testing Oil-based Dr
48、illing Fluids API Recommended Practice 13D:2003, Recommended Practice on the Rheology and Hydraulics of Oil-well Drilling Fluids API Recommended Practice 13M/ISO 13503-1, Recommended Practice for the Measurement of Viscous Properties of Completion Fluids 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviatio
49、ns Symbol Definition Standard Units Conversion Multiplier SI Units A Numerator in Blasius form of friction-factor equation dimensionless - dimensionless A Surface area in 26.4516E+02 mm 2a 1Density correction coefficient for pressure lb m /gal 1.1983E+02 kg/m 3a 2Density correction coefficient for temperature lb m /gal/F 2.1569E+02 kg/m 3 /C A bBit cross-sectional area in 26.4516E+02 mm 2a pPipe acceleration ft/s 23.048E-01 m/s 2B Exponent in Blasius form of friction-factor equation dimensionless - dimensionless b 1Density correction coefficient for pressure lb m /gal/psi 1.7379E-02 kg/
