1、Materials and Fabrication of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo, 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo, and 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V Steel Heavy Wall PressureVessels for High-temperature, High-pressure Hydrogen ServiceAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 934-ASECOND EDITION, MAY 2008ADDENDUM 1, FEBRUARY 2010ADDENDUM 2, MARCH 2012Materials and Fabrication of
2、 2 1/4Cr-1Mo, 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo, and 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V Steel Heavy Wall PressureVessels for High-temperature, High-pressure Hydrogen ServiceDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 934-ASECOND EDITION, MAY 2008ADDENDUM 1, FEBRUARY 2010ADDENDUM 2, MARCH 2012Special NotesAPI publications necessar
3、ily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express
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10、rding, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2008 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right,
11、by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under AP
12、I standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publi
13、cation was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Gene
14、rally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API pub
15、lications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Base Metal Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 Material Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Steel Making Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 Chemical Compositio
21、n Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 Heat Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. 65.5 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Welding Consumable Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . 86.1 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.2 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Welding, Heat Treatment and Production Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.1 General Welding Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.2 Welding Procedure Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 Preheat and Heat Treatments During Base Metal Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . 117.4 Production Testing of Base Metal Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.5 Weld Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.6 Final Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Nondestructive Examinations (NDE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.2 NDE Prior to Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.3 NDE During Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.4 NDE After Fabrication and Prior to Final PWHT . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.5 NDE After Final PWHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.6 Positive Material Identification. . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Hydrostatic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710 Preparations for Shipping .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Annex
33、A (informative) Guidance for Inspection for Transverse Reheat Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Annex B (informative) Weld Metal/Flux Screening Test for Reheat Cracking Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Figures1 Location of Vickers Hardness Indentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A.1 Schematic Showing of Reheat Cra
35、cking Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25A.2 B-scan for Detecting Transverse Defects with TOFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26A.3 Alternate Probe Setup with Offset for Detecting Tran
36、sverse Defects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27A.4 TOFD Sensitivity Demonstration Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28A.5 Characterization of Reheat Cracks Using Pulse-echo UT . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29vContentsPageB.1 Example of a Gripping Device Devoted to Threaded-end Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33B.2 Geometry of the Weld Joint to be Used for the Screening Test Coupon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . 36B.3 Welding Sequence to be Used for the Screening Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36B.4 Example of Strongbacks Used to Minimize Coupon Distortion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36B.5 Pos
39、ition of Pre-forms Inside the Welded ZoneMacrographic View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37B.6 Position of Pre-forms Inside the Welded ZoneSchematic View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37B.7 Detailed Geometry of RHC Standard Specimen. . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38B.8 Location of the Thermocouples on the RHC Standard Specimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39B.9 Illustration of Heating Requirements on Test Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Tables1 Base Metal Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Heat Treatment of Test Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Maximum Operation Conditions Correlated to Testing Conditions at 450 C (842 F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Test Conditions Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 PWHT Holding Temperature and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A.1 TOFD Guideline for Identifying Transverse Reheat Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . 23A.2 Manual Pulse-echo Shear Wave Guideline for Identifying Transverse Reheat Cracks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24B.1 Welding Parameters to be Used for Welding of Screening Test Coupons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35B.2 Sample Test Certificate. . . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IntroductionThis recommended practice applies to new heavy wall pressure vessels in petroleum refining, petrochemical, and chemical facilities in which hydrogen or hydrogen-co
46、ntaining fluids are processed at elevated temperature and pressure. It is based on decades of industry operating experience and the results of experimentation and testing conducted by independent manufacturers and purchasers of heavy wall pressure vessels for this service.Licensors and owners of pro
47、cess units in which these heavy wall pressure vessels are to be used may modify and/or supplement this recommended practice with additional proprietary requirements.2Materials and Fabrication of 2 1/4Cr-1Mo, 2 1/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo, and 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels for High-tempe
48、rature, High-pressure Hydrogen Service1 ScopeThis recommended practice presents materials and fabrication requirements for new 2 1/4Cr and 3Cr steel heavy wall pressure vessels for high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen service. It applies to vessels that are designed, fabricated, certified, and d
49、ocumented in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 2, including Section 3.4, Supplemental Requirements for Cr-Mo Steels and ASME Code Case 2151, as applicable. This document may also be used as a resource when planning to modify an existing heavy wall pressure vessel.A newer ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 3, is available and has higher design allowables, however it has much stricter design rules (e.g. fatigue and fracture mechanics analyses required) and material testing requirements. It is outside the scope of this document.Materials covered by this recommended practic
