1、Ignition Hazards and Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon ServiceAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2027THIRD EDITION, MARCH 2002REAFFIRMED, MARCH 2012Ignition Hazards and Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon Ser
2、viceDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2027THIRD EDITION, MARCH 2002REAFFIRMED, MARCH 2012SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not un
3、dertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and
4、health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplicat
5、ion or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and re
6、vised, reafrmed, or withdrawn at least everyve years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republ
7、ication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Downstream Segment telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardizatio
8、n procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedsho
9、uld be directed in writing to the standardization manager, American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are pu
10、blished to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standar
11、ds is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represen
12、t, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written
13、permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2002 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAPI Recommended Practice 2027, Ignition Hazards and Safe Work Practices for AbrasiveBlasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks in H
14、ydrocarbon Service, was prepared under the aus-pices of the API Safety and Fire Protection Subcommittee. It is intended for use by APImember companies and others to develop safe practices and procedures for the abrasiveblasting of the exteriors of aboveground atmospheric petroleum storage tanks that
15、 containliquid hydrocarbons. A number of additional API standards, recommended practices andother publications, noted in the reference section, provide supplemental information applica-ble to the requirements and components of this recommended practice.API publications may be used by anyone desiring
16、 to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss
17、 or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.
18、iiiCONTENTSPage1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Applicability. . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Ignition Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Non-Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Other Hazards and Applications Not Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Codes, Standards, and R
21、elated Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration . . . . 22.3 Other Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 DEFINITIONS. .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Potential Ignition Hazar
24、ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Safety, Health and Environmental Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 POTENTIAL IGNITION SOURCES AND CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 Potential Igni
25、tion Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 Static Electric Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 Internal Combustion Engines and Electrical Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . 75.4 Friction Sparks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 Hot Metal Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 Potential External Ignition Sourc
27、es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 Stopping Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 TANK PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . 86.1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.2 Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.3 Tank Roofs . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 Leaks and Seepage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.5 Abrasive Grit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ABRASIVE BLASTING PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.1 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.2 Permits and Other Requirements. . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10vPage7.3 Control of Vapor Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.4 Testing and Monitoring Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.5 Fire P
32、rotection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.6 Abrasive Blasting of Tank Roofs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.7 Abrasive Blasting of Exterior Shells of Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.8 Abrasive Blasting of the Inside Exposed Portions of Shells of Open-Top (External) Floating Roof Tanks in Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.9 Product Precautions for Abrasive Blasting of Tanks in Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
34、Figures1 Bonding and Grounding During Abrasive Blasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Tables1 Flammability of the Vapor Space in Cone Roof Tanks Containing Various Flammable Liquids with Vapor
35、-Air Mixture in Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . 14vi1Ignition Hazards and Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon Service1 General1.1 SCOPEThis recommended practice provides safe work practicesfor the prevention and control of ignition and other potentia
36、lhazards during abrasive blasting of aboveground storagetanks in liquid hydrocarbon service at atmospheric pressure.It is generally recognized in the petroleum industry that thepreferable method is to empty, vapor free and clean above-ground petroleum storage tanks before starting abrasive blast-ing
37、 work. However, this may not be practical or evenpossible, and may actually increase the risk of an undesirablehazard or incident in some situations. It is therefore necessaryto understand the potential ignition and safety hazards whenplanning abrasive blasting and implement the appropriatesafeguard
38、s before starting this work.This recommended practice does not cover all of the pre-cautions that may be required to safely perform abrasiveblasting. Owners/operators and contractors shall conduct athorough hazard analysis and pre-job start-up safety andhealth review for each specic abrasive blastin
39、g job to assurethat all necessary precautions and safeguards have been iden-tied and implemented prior to beginning work. 1.2 APPLICABILITYThis recommended practice applies to safe work practicesrequired for abrasive blasting of exterior shells and exteriorroofs of all aboveground atmospheric storag
40、e tanks in liquidhydrocarbon service. It also applies to safe work practices forabrasive blasting conducted on the roofs and inner portions ofthe exposed surfaces of shells (that portion of the shell abovethe roof level) on open-top (external) oating roof tanks.1.3 IGNITION SOURCESThis recommended p
41、ractice also covers recognition andcontrol of ignition hazards that are specic to and which maybe present during abrasive blasting of aboveground storagetanks in liquid hydrocarbon service at atmospheric pressure.The ignition sources covered in this recommended practiceinclude static electricity, in
42、ternal combustion engines, electricmotors, friction sparks, hot metal surfaces and external (to thework) ignition sources. 1.4 NON-APPLICABILITYThis recommended practice does not apply to the abrasiveblasting of the following types of tanks or vessels: Pressure vessels and high and low pressure tank
43、s. Cryogenic or refrigerated vessels or tanks. Vacuum vessels and tanks under vacuum. Process vessels. Underground storage tanks. Storage tanks containing heated hydrocarbons. (Note:If the tank heating system is isolated and the tempera-ture of the hydrocarbon in the tank is at or near ambienttemper
44、ature, then the tank shall not be considered tocontain heated products and is covered by this recom-mended practice).Although this recommended practice does not specicallycover these tanks and vessels, many of the abrasive blastingrecommendations and safe practices included herein wouldbe applicable
45、 to these operations. Employers (owners/opera-tors and contractors) shall develop and implement specicprocedures for abrasive blasting on tanks and vessels not cov-ered by this recommended practice.1.5 OTHER HAZARDS AND APPLICATIONS NOT COVEREDThis recommended practice does not cover specic physi-ca
46、l, health or environmental hazards that are associated withabrasive blasting of aboveground storage tanks. It does notcover the hazards associated with the use of and exposure toabrasive grit and the dust, rust, scale, paint, and other materialremoved by abrasive blasting. This recommended practiced
47、oes not provide any information for classication of tanksand tank roofs as conned spaces and entry into connedspaces, although such entry may be required for abrasiveblasting on top of the oating roofs and interior shells ofoating roof tanks.This recommended practice does not and cannot coverevery p
48、ossible unique hazard or situation that may arise dur-ing abrasive blasting on aboveground, atmospheric storagetanks in liquid hydrocarbon service. These site specic, prod-uct specic and tank specic hazards and situations shall beidentied and addressed by employers (owner/operators andcontractors),
49、using appropriate principles and considerationsprovided in this recommended practice and other applicableregulations, codes, standards, recommended practices andpublications, when developing and implementing safe abra-sive blasting procedures.2 References2.1 CODES, STANDARDS, AND RELATED PUBLICATIONSThe following industry standards, codes, and publicationsreferenced herein provide information related to abrasiveblasting of aboveground petroleum storage tanks. While this2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE2027recommended practice is intended to be consistent with appli-cab
