1、Training of Personnel in Rescue of Persons in WaterAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE T-7SECOND EDITION, OCTOBER 1995REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013Training of Personnel in Rescue of Persons in WaterUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE T-7SECOND EDITION, OCTOBER 1995REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013SPECIAL NOTES1. API PU
2、BLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERALNATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE,AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED.2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU-FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIPTHEIR EMP
3、LOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH ANDSAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONSUNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS.3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPERPRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDI-TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE
4、 EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTUREROR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED ASGRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU-FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV-ERED BY LETTERS PAT
5、ENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED INTHE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL-ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT.5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF-FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE-TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS
6、WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEWCYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AF-TER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHEREAN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THEPUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART-MENT TELEPHONE (20
7、2) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS ANDMATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API,1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photoc
8、opying, recording, or other-wise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact API Publications Manager, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1995 American Petroleum InstituteiiiCONTENTSPage0 INTRODUCTION . 10.1 Notification . 10.2 Communications . 10.3 Locate . 10.4
9、 Survival . 10.5 Recovery . 10.6 Post-Recovery First Aid 11 SCOPE . 12 REFERENCES 23 RECORDS . 24 GENERAL INFORMATION 25 RESCUE DEVICESDESCRIPTION AND USE 25.1 Platform and MODU 25.2 Helicopters 35.3 Rescuing Vessels . 35.4 Survival Craft 45.5 Rescue Boats . 46 TRAINING GUIDELINES . 46.1 General Tra
10、ining Information . 46.2 Platform and MODU 56.3 Helicopters 56.4 Rescuing Vessels . 66.5 Inflatable Rafts 66.6 Survival Craft 76.7 Rescue Boats . 8ivFOREWORDThis Recommended Practice (RP) was developed under the jurisdiction of the Ameri-can Petroleum Institutes (APIs) former Committee on Offshore S
11、afety and Anti-PollutionTraining and Motivation (OSAPTM), and its parent, API Production Department Execu-tive Committee on Training and Development. It has been prepared with the overall advi-sory guidance of the API, the Offshore Operators Committee (OOC), the Western StatesPetroleum Association (
12、WSPA), the International Association of Drilling Contractors(IADC), the Helicopter Safety Advisory Conference (HSAC), and the Offshore Marine Ser-vice Association (OMSA).Criteria presented in this Recommended Practice should be used as a guide for rescuetraining programs by companies engaged in offs
13、hore operations. Such programs shall beconsistent with applicable authorities and regulations. Training should include techniquesfor assistance in the rescue of persons in the water at the job site or during transportationto/from the work location, and be consistent with safe practice.This publicati
14、on includes usage of the verbs shall and should, whichever is the moreapplicable to the function. Both shall and should are positive statements and should betreated as such. For the purpose of this publication the following definitions apply:Shall: Indicates that the function has universal applicabi
15、lity to the specific activity.Should: Indicates that: (1) the function may have an alternative practice that is equiva-lent and could be applied; or (2) the practice may not be practical or necessary under cer-tain conditions; or (3) the practice may not be applicable to a specific facility orconfig
16、uration.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been madeby the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however,the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this pub-lication and hereby exp
17、ressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damageresulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation withwhich this publication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Explo-ration and Produc
18、tion Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20005.0 IntroductionOn occasion, personnel may fall overboard or due toemergencies may be forced to abandon their unit and enterthe sea. Various devices, procedures, and rescue knowledgemay be used to increase their
19、chances for rescue and sur-vival. Many factors impact the ability to survive and be res-cued. A rescue of any type may be broken down into thefollowing elements or phases.0.1 NOTIFICATIONPersons with the means to perform the rescue must bemade aware that persons are in distress. This includes pass-i
20、ng the word to the person in charge when seeing a manoverboard, or transmitting a mayday on a radio when a unitis in distress. Vessels in the area, the United States CoastGuard (USCG), nearby facilities, and helicopter personnelshould be alerted if assistance is needed. It is always appro-priate to
21、contact the USCG in a distress situation. Even ifthe nearest USCG facility is not nearby, it may have an air-craft or vessel transiting the area.0.2 COMMUNICATIONSOne of the most important elements in every successfulrescue effort is communication between participants:a. Between the person in charge
22、 of an offshore unit and air-craft or vessel resources.b. Between units involved in any search for survivors.c. Between the occupants of a survival craft, and rescuevessel or aircraft.0.3 LOCATELocating persons in distress may be difficult. EmergencyPositioning Indicator Radio Beacon (EPIRB), reflec
23、tivetape, international orange lifesaving devices, whistles, ringbuoys, smoke canisters, flares, and water lights, as well asother devices, can assist in this effort.0.4 SURVIVALMaking the best use of the materials at hand to preventdrowning and minimize the possible effects of exposure isimportant.
24、 Persons in the water or aboard survival devicesmay be assisted by providing them with additional equip-ment and materials that will aid in readily locating them andaugment their ability to survive until they are rescued.0.5 RECOVERYPerhaps the most difficult phase of a rescue is the recov-ery of pe
25、rsons from the water or survival device. A quick re-sponse is necessary and training in the use of availablerescue equipment is important. The longer a person is in thewater, the less likely he or she is to survive. In the event ofa rescue emergency, personnel must have a good knowledgeof devices av
26、ailable as well as the ability to properly utilizethem in order to keep response time to a minimum.0.6 POST-RECOVERY FIRST AIDCertain first-aid actions performed within minutes of re-covery may greatly enhance an individuals chance of sur-vival. The effects of exposure to the elements should alwaysb
27、e considered when recovering a person from the water.1 ScopeThis Recommended Practice applies to personnel whowork offshore and represents an industry guide for trainingpersonnel in techniques for rescuing persons from the waterand from survival devices in the water. It broadly identifiesrescue devi
28、ces, describes their operations, and presents rec-ommendations for training personnel in their use as either arescuer or a person being rescued. These training recom-mendations are designed to develop personnel rescue profi-ciency while minimizing an individuals exposure to injuryor loss of life.The
29、 training may be either hands-on or classroom based.Some suggested approaches are included. The Recom-mended Practice encourages the employer, when decidingthe conditions under which training and drills are to be car-ried out, to fully consider all safety aspects of the training.Training should be a
30、s broad as is practical. It should empha-size those devices likely to be available to the employee athis or her assigned location.These guidelines are general and may or may not be suf-ficient for all circumstances or operations. The employershould not limit or reduce the companys present program as
31、a result of the publication of these guidelines.1Training of Personnel in Rescue of Persons in Water2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE T-72 ReferencesThe following recommended practices are cited herein:APIT-1 Orientation Programs for Personnel Going Offshore for the First TimeT-4 Training of Offshore Perso
32、nnel in NonoperatingEmergencies3 RecordsEmployers shall maintain a record at a central locationdocumenting the training each employee has received in ac-cordance with the provisions of this Recommended Practice.Documentation of the training should be made available tothose employees whose work locat
33、ion varies.4 General InformationEmployers should ensure their employees have receivedinstructions in accordance with API Recommended PracticeT-1: Orientation Programs for Personnel Going Offshore forthe First Time; and with API T-4: Training of Offshore Per-sonnel in Nonoperating Emergencies.5 Rescu
34、e DevicesDescription and Use5.1 PLATFORM AND MODUDevices on fixed platforms, Mobile Offshore DrillingUnits (MODUs) and vessels that may be used for rescue ofpersons in the water include but are not limited to:5.1.1 Ring Life BuoyAlso referred to as throw rings or life rings, these devicesgenerally a
35、re constructed of unicellular plastic in the shapeof a ring with a grab line. On offshore facilities, they are in-tended primarily to be thrown to a man overboard to providebuoyancy and stability to aid in keeping persons afloat in thewater. The throw must be prompt and accurate for this rescuetechn
36、ique to be successful, particularly if there are unfavor-able sea currents or wind conditions.5.1.2 Safety LitterThis type of device is intended primarily to be used tomove and transport an injured person. It can also be used asa rescue device if lowered to the water by means of a craneor hoist. Spe
37、cifically designed sling systems are available foruse with safety litters. Safety litters equipped with a buoy-ant ring are particularly effective for rescue of injured per-sons from water.5.1.3 Personnel BasketThis device normally is used for moving personnel to andfrom vessels using the platform c
38、rane. However, it can beuseful as a rescue device if positioned on the water where aman overboard could swim to it, or to lower someone to as-sist a man overboard.5.1.4 Type I Personal Flotation Device (PFD)These devices, designed to be worn like a jacket, supportthe wearer in the water in an uprigh
39、t or slightly backwardposition and provide support to the head so that the face ofan unconscious or exhausted person is held above the water.They are intended to be worn during an emergency evacua-tion situation or when working over water. However, theycould be a useful rescue device if thrown to so
40、meone over-board in a case where a ring life buoy is not available, or ifworn by someone going into the water to rescue a man over-board. They are equipped with reflective tape and lights toaid in locating personnel in the water.5.1.5 Type V Personal Flotation Device(Work Vest)Work vests are items o
41、f safety apparel worn by personswhen working near or over the water, except that they shallnot be used in lieu of the approved Type I PFDs that are tobe worn during drills and emergencies. Work vests could bethrown to a man overboard if ring life buoys are not readilyavailable.5.1.6 Exposure/Immersi
42、on SuitsThese suits are normally provided during operations northof 32 degrees north latitude in the Atlantic Ocean and 35 de-grees north latitude in the Pacific Ocean. Suits are availablewith and without buoyancy and are intended primarily asprotection from exposure to the elements. Suits with buoy
43、-ancy could be used by both rescuers and persons being res-cued.5.1.7 Life FloatsLife floats are buoyant devices that require no prepara-tion for use. They are designed to support a specified num-ber of persons in the water. They are designed with acontinuous body in the shape of either an ellipse o
44、r a rectan-gle with a circular, elliptical, or rectangular body cross sec-tion. They typically are equipped with a platform designedso that persons supported inside are partially immersed, andgenerally are equipped with paddles.5.1.8 Inflatable RaftsTwo types of canister-packed, inflatable raft inst
45、allationsare used offshore: davit-launched inflatables and hydrostat-ically released inflatables. The launching procedure is themajor difference; otherwise they are manned and operatedTRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN RESCUE OF PERSONS IN WATER 3the same. There may be instances when an inflatable raft canbe
46、used as a rescue device, as in man overboard situationswhere launching rescue equipment or calling rescue sourceswould not be fast enough. However, it must be kept in mindthat an inflatable raft has limited maneuverability and mustbe recovered.5.2 HELICOPTERSThe helicopter has the capability to trav
47、el at high speedto an emergency site and assist people in the water by deliv-ering flotation devices or by rescuing them directly from thewater. Some helicopter rescue devices and techniques, andlimiting factors that may influence their selection, are listedbelow:5.2.1 Hoist (USCG)5.2.1.1 An electri
48、cally or hydraulically operated hoist isavailable on USCG helicopters. It lowers a hoisting device(sling, harness, seat, or basket) from a hovering helicopter tolift personnel from the surface into the helicopter.5.2.1.2 The pilot hovers the helicopter in a position thatallows the hoist operator to
49、lower the hoisting device andraise the person being rescued to the helicopter and then in-side. A rescuer aboard the helicopter may enter the water toassist incapacitated personnel.5.2.1.3 A person being rescued may be required to put onor enter the hoisting device unassisted while the helicopterhovers overhead. Uninjured personnel in the water shouldassist any incapacitated personnel into the hoisting device.5.2.1.4 It is always appropriate to contact the USCG;however, depending on the distance of the nearest availableUSCG helicopter from the rescue site, response time may bea l
