1、 Guidance Notes on Fire-Fighting Systems GUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS JANUARY 2017 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 2016 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved. ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA For
2、eword Foreword (2017) Purpose The ABS Rules incorporate many requirements intended to prevent the onset of a fire. However, even with all the preventative measures taken, shipboard fires still occur. Therefore, the proper design, installation and operation of the vessels fire-fighting systems are cr
3、itical to the safety of a vessel and the personnel onboard. Since fire-fighting systems are so critical, the designs and arrangements of such systems should be carefully evaluated for compliance with the ABS requirements by the designer and ABS Engineering staffs. These Guidance Notes have been deve
4、loped to assist in a better understanding of the ABS requirements for such systems. They are intended to provide a general overview of ABS requirements that should be considered during technical plan review activities. These Guidance Notes also examine the basic scientific fundamentals of fire, as a
5、ppropriate for a proper understanding and application of the ABS requirements. Accordingly, this document should be considered as general guidance only and the technical reviews of fire-fighting systems should verify compliance with all ABS Rules applicable to the specific vessel involved. Note: Rul
6、e references in these Guidance Notes (e.g. 4-7-2/1.1.1, etc.) are typically to the requirements found in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels, unless noted otherwise. Scope The scope of this document is limited to the review of ABS requirements considered during the technical plan r
7、eview of active fire-fighting systems onboard ABS-classed vessels. Passive fire protection arrangements, such as structural fire protection, as well as fire detection systems, are outside the scope of this document. Fire-fighting systems of offshore facilities and installations are also outside the
8、scope of this document. The review of fire-fighting systems for the International Maritime Organizations (IMOs) International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requirements is also not within the scope of this document. However, in many cases, the ABS Rules for fire-fighting systems e
9、ither incorporate or directly reference IMO SOLAS fire-fighting system requirements. Accordingly, within the discussions of the ABS requirements for various fire-fighting systems, related “interpretations” of the associated SOLAS requirements, as developed by the International Association of Classif
10、ication Societies (IACS), are identified. These IACS interpretations are called Unified Interpretations (UI). As an IACS member, ABS is obligated to apply these UIs as appropriate interpretations of the SOLAS requirements, unless directed otherwise by the Flag Administration. Interpretations provide
11、d in the UIs should be considered when conducting technical plan reviews. Note: Development of appropriate Unified Interpretations and revision of existing UIs is an ongoing effort within the IACS Working Parties. Therefore, attention is directed to the latest edition of the IACS UI being available
12、on the website http:/www.iacs.org.uk/publications In addition to the IACS UIs, IMO MSC Circular 1120 “Unified Interpretations of SOLAS Chapter II-2, the FSS Code, the FTP Code and related Fire Test Procedures” (and its subsequent correction (Corr.1) and amendments per MSC.1 Circulars 1436, 1491 and
13、1510) also provides guidance regarding SOLAS fire-fighting system requirements. Many of the MSC Circular 1120 interpretations are based upon the IACS UI interpretations, while others provide revised or additional interpretations of the SOLAS requirements. A number of the MSC Circular interpretations
14、 have been included in the SOLAS 2000 consolidated edition and subsequently in the SOLAS Consolidated Editions 2004, 2009 and 2014. Consequently, these requirements were also incorporated into the ABS Rules. However, since the MSC Circulars interpretations identify useful information and guidance re
15、lative to certain Rule requirements, “selected” IMO MSC interpretations have also been identified. Note: Regarding classification requirements, MSC Circulars interpretations which are not included within SOLAS have not necessarily been officially adopted by ABS and should only be applied as directed
16、 by the ABS Chief Engineers Office. Further, MSC Circulars interpretations may not be mandatory for any particular Flag Administration, except for those incorporated within SOLAS. Member Governments are only invited to use the annexed interpretations as guidance, and therefore, specific instructions
17、 from the ABS Regulatory Affairs Department should be obtained regarding the application of these interpretations on behalf of any particular Administration. ii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2017 Table of Contents GUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS CONTENTS SECTION 1 Basics of a F
18、ire . 1 1 Chemistry of Fire . 1 1.1 Oxidation . 1 1.2 State of Products in “Fire” Oxidation Process 1 2 Fundamentals of a Fire . 2 3 The Fire Triangle . 2 3.1 Fuel . 3 3.2 Oxygen 4 3.3 Heat . 5 4 The Fire Tetrahedron 5 5 Extinguishment Considering the Fire Tetrahedron . 5 5.1 Removing the Fuel 6 5.2
19、 Removing the Oxygen . 6 5.3 Eliminating the Heat 6 5.4 Breaking the Chain Reaction . 7 6 Hazardous/Combustible Materials 7 6.1 Flames. 7 6.2 Heat . 7 6.3 Gases 8 6.4 Smoke . 8 FIGURE 1 The Fire Triangle . 2 FIGURE 2 The Fire Tetrahedron 5 SECTION 2 Classification of Fires 9 1 Overview . 9 2 Class “
20、A” Fires 10 2.1 Wood and Wood-based Materials . 10 2.2 Textiles and Fibers 11 2.3 Plastics and Rubber 12 2.4 Locations of Class “A” Materials Onboard . 13 2.5 Extinguishment of Class “A” Fires . 14 3 Class “B” Fires 14 3.1 Flammable Liquids 14 3.2 Flammable Gases . 16 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHT
21、ING SYSTEMS .2017 iii 4 Class “C” Fires 18 4.1 Types of Equipment . 18 4.2 Electrical Faults that Cause Fires 19 4.3 Hazards of Electrical Fires . 19 4.4 Locations of Electrical Equipment Onboard . 19 4.5 Extinguishment of Class “C” Fires . 20 5 Class “D” Fires 20 5.1 Hazards/Characteristics of Spec
22、ific Metals 20 5.2 Locations of Class “D” Materials Onboard . 21 5.3 Extinguishment of Class “D” Fires . 21 6 Class “K” or “F” Fires 21 6.1 Hazards/Characteristics of Fires Caused by Cooking Grease, Fats and Oils . 21 6.2 Location of Cooking Grease, Fats and Oils Onboard 22 6.3 Extinguishment of Cla
23、ss “K” or “F” Fires 22 TABLE 1 Fire Classifications 9 TABLE 2 Burning Characteristics of Synthetic Fibers . 12 SECTION 3 Fire Main Systems 24 1 General Principles of the Fire Main System . 24 2 Extinguishing Capabilities of Water 24 3 Moving Water to the Fire . 24 3.1 Straight Streams 25 3.2 Fog Str
24、eams 28 4 ABS Requirements for Fire Main Systems . 30 4.1 Main Fire Pumps 30 4.2 Emergency Fire Pump . 33 4.3 Fire Main Sizing and System Pressures 36 4.4 Fire Hose Reaction 38 4.5 Isolation Valves and Routing Arrangements 38 4.6 Fire Main Piping Components/Materials 38 4.7 Hydrant Locations and Fir
25、e Hoses/Nozzles . 39 4.8 International Shore Connection Arrangements 41 4.9 Cold Weather Protection 41 4.10 Additional Requirements for Vessels with Automation Notations . 42 4.11 Alternative Requirements for Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters in Length and less than 1000 Gross Tons . 42 4.12 Additional
26、Requirements for Oil and Fuel Oil Carriers . 42 4.13 Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessels . 43 4.14 Additional/Alternative Requirements for Ro-Ro Vessels 45 4.15 Additional/Alternative Requirements for Gas Carriers . 45 4.16 Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters (295 feet) in Length . 46 4.17 High-
27、Speed Craft . 48 4.18 Cargo Vessels for River Service 50 4.19 Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessels in River Service . 52 iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2017 4.20 Yachts . 52 4.21 Fishing Vessels . 53 4.22 Accommodation Barges 53 4.23 Offshore Support Vessels 55 TABLE 1 Water
28、 Discharge Rates . 26 TABLE 2 Horizontal Reach of Water Streams . 27 TABLE 3 Dimensions of International Shore Connection 41 TABLE 4 Cross-reference of Under 90 Meter Rules Requirements 47 TABLE 5 Pump Capacities . 47 SECTION 4 Fixed Gas Fire-extinguishing Systems 57 1 Principles of Fixed Gas Fire-e
29、xtinguishing Systems 57 2 CO2 Fire-extinguishing Systems . 57 2.1 Agent Characteristics 57 2.2 Effectiveness . 57 2.3 CO2 System Applications 58 3 ABS Requirements for Fixed Gas Extinguishing Systems . 58 3.1 General Requirements 58 3.2 Additional Requirements for Fixed CO2 Gas Extinguishing Systems
30、64 3.3 Additional Control Requirements for CO2 Systems . 67 3.4 Additional Requirements for Low Pressure CO2 Systems . 67 3.5 Additional Requirements for Vessels Receiving an “ACCU” Automation Notation 69 3.6 Governmental Authorization 70 3.7 Steam Smothering Systems 70 3.8 Halon Systems 70 3.9 Requ
31、irements for Systems using Halon “Alternatives” 70 3.10 Additional/Alternative Requirements for Special Locations . 71 TABLE 1 Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness of Gas Medium Distribution Piping 60 TABLE 2 CO2 Requirements 65 SECTION 5 Fixed Water Fire-extinguishing Systems . 73 1 General Principles of Fi
32、xed Water Fire-extinguishing Systems 73 1.1 Water Spray System . 73 1.2 Water Sprinkler Systems . 74 1.3 Water Mist Systems 74 2 ABS Requirements for Fixed Water Spray, Water Sprinkler, and Water Mist Systems 75 2.1 General System Component Requirements 75 2.2 Fixed Water Spray Systems in Machinery
33、Spaces 76 2.3 Fixed Water Sprinkler Systems in Accommodation Spaces 78 2.4 Fixed Water Spray Systems in Ro-Ro Spaces 82 2.5 Fixed Water Mist Systems in Machinery Spaces and Cargo Pump Rooms . 83 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2017 v 2.6 Fixed Water Mist Systems in Accommodation and Serv
34、ice Spaces . 87 2.7 Fixed Pressure Water-Spraying Fire Extinguishing System on Cabin Balconies of Passenger Ships . 92 SECTION 6 Foam Fire-extinguishing Systems 93 1 Foam . 93 2 General Principals of Foam Extinguishing Systems . 93 2.1 Extinguishing Effects of Foam . 93 2.2 Foam Characteristics . 93
35、 2.3 Types of Foams . 94 2.4 Limitations on the Use of Foam . 96 2.5 Advantages of Foam 96 2.6 Basic Guidelines for Foam . 97 2.7 Foam System Equipment 97 2.8 Foam Fire-Fighting Application Techniques 100 3 ABS Requirements for Foam Extinguishing Systems. 101 3.1 General Requirements Applicable to A
36、ll Foam Systems . 101 3.2 Additional Requirements for “Oil Carrier” Deck Foam Systems . 102 3.3 Additional Requirements for “Chemical Carrier” Deck Foam Systems . 106 3.4 Additional Requirements for Fixed High Expansion Foam Systems in Machinery Spaces . 111 3.5 Additional Requirements for Supplemen
37、tary Fixed Low Expansion Foam Systems in Machinery Spaces . 112 3.6 Additional Requirements for Helicopter Landing Facilities . 112 TABLE 1 System Capacity . 113 FIGURE 1 Calculation of Foam System Capacity Oil Carrier . 105 FIGURE 2 Calculation of Foam System Capacity Chemical Tankers . 109 SECTION
38、 7 Gas Carrier Cargo Area Fire-extinguishing Systems 114 1 Unique Hazards of Fires Onboard Gas Carriers . 114 1.1 Flammability 114 2 General Principles of Cargo Deck Dry Chemical Extinguishing System 115 2.1 Extinguishing Effects of Dry Chemical . 115 3 ABS Requirements for Fire-Fighting Systems Onb
39、oard Gas Carriers . 116 3.1 Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishing Systems 116 3.2 Cargo Area Water Spray Systems . 118 3.3 Fire Main System . 119 3.4 Enclosed Spaces Containing Cargo Handling Equipment . 119 TABLE 1 Fixed Monitor Requirements . 116 vi ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .201
40、7 SECTION 8 Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers . 120 1 Portable and Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers 120 1.1 Water-type Fire Extinguishers . 120 1.2 Foam-type Fire Extinguishers 122 1.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers 123 1.4 Dry Chemical-type Fire Extinguishers . 123 1.5 Dry Powder-t
41、ype Fire Extinguishers 124 1.6 Wet Chemical-type Fire Extinguishers 125 1.7 Portable Fire Extinguishers . 125 1.8 Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers 126 1.9 Fire Extinguisher Designations 126 2 ABS Requirements for Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers 126 2.1 Sizing of Portable Extinguishers 126
42、2.2 Approval of Portable and Semi-portable Extinguishers . 127 2.3 Spaces Containing Boilers (Main or Auxiliary), Oil-fired Equipment . 127 2.4 Category “A” Machinery Spaces Containing Internal Combustion Machinery 129 2.5 Combined Boiler and Internal Combustion Engine Machinery Spaces 129 2.6 Space
43、s Containing Steam Turbines or Steam Engines . 130 2.7 Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers in Other Machinery Spaces 131 2.8 Accommodations, Service Spaces and Control Stations . 131 2.9 Fire Protection Arrangements for Paint Lockers 133 2.10 Fire Protection Arrangements for Helicopter Landing
44、 Areas . 133 2.11 Vessels with Automation Designation “ACCU” 133 2.12 Additional Requirements for Ro-Ro Spaces, Ro-Ro Spaces Carrying Motor Vehicles with Fuel in Their Tanks, and Cargo Spaces Carrying Motor Vehicles with Fuel in Their Tanks (other than Ro-Ro Spaces) 133 2.13 Additional Requirements
45、for Vessels Carrying Dangerous Goods 134 2.14 Additional Requirements for Chemical Carriers . 134 2.15 Vessels Under 90 Meters (295 Feet) . 134 2.16 Oil Carriers Under 30.5 Meters (100 Feet) 135 2.17 Spare Charges 135 TABLE 1 Portable/Semi-portable Extinguisher Classifications 126 TABLE 2 Spaces Con
46、taining Boilers or Oil-fired Equipment 128 TABLE 3 Combined Boiler/Internal Combustion Engine Machinery Spaces 130 TABLE 4 Portable/Semi-portable Extinguishers Vessels Under 90 meters 134 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2017 vii SECTION 9 Additional Fire Protection Requirements . 136 1 S
47、egregation of Fuel Oil Purifiers for Heated Oil 136 2 Segregation of High Pressure Hydraulic Units . 137 3 Requirements for Piping Systems Handling Oil 137 3.1 Material Requirements for Piping Systems Conveying Oil . 137 3.2 Remote Closure Arrangements for Valves on Oil Tanks . 137 3.3 Fuel Oil and
48、Lube Oil Systems on Engines . 137 3.4 Insulation Requirements for Heated Surfaces . 138 3.5 Remote Stopping of Fuel Oil Pumps and Thermal Fluid Circulating Pumps 138 3.6 Remote Stops for Ventilation Fans and Closing Arrangements for Openings 138 4 Paint/Flammable Liquid Lockers . 138 4.1 Lockers of
49、4 m2(43 ft2) and More Floor Area 138 4.2 Lockers of Less Than 4 m2(43 ft2) Floor Area . 139 SECTION 10 Fire Control Plans . 140 1 Standardized Symbols 140 2 ABS Requirements for Fire Control Plans 140 2.1 Steel Vessels 90 Meters in Length and Greater in Unrestricted Service . 140 2.2 Vessels with Automation Designation “ACC” . 146 2.3 Vessels with Automation Designation “ACCU” 147 2.4 Additional Requirements for Vessels Carrying Dangerous Goods 148 2.5 Additional Requirements for Vessels Carrying Bulk Oil . 148 2.6 Additional Requirements for Gas Carriers . 149 2.7 Additional R
