1、 Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection GUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION APRIL 2016 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2016 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive
2、 Houston, TX 77060 USA Foreword Foreword Background The maritime industry has long recognized that periodic surveys/inspections are the primary means for verifying that a vessels structure is maintained within applicable requirements throughout its operational life. These surveys/inspections help co
3、nfirm that the vessel is free from damage such as cracks, buckling, corrosion and overloading, and that material thickness are within established limits. For surveys/inspections to be carried out effectively, suitable means of access to the vessels structure are required. To address the issue of sui
4、table access, the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) adopted the following resolutions into SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6 on “Access to and within spaces in the cargo area of oil tankers and bulk carriers”: MSC.194(80) Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea, 19
5、74, as amended MSC.151(78) Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea, 1974, as amended and MSC.158(78) Adoption of Amendments to the Technical Provisions To assist in the implementation of these new IMO resolutions, the International Association of Classifi
6、cation Societies (IACS) developed the Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191, for the application of amended SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6 (Resolution MSC.151(78) and revised Technical Provisions for Means of Access for Inspections (Resolution MSC.158(78). In addition, the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) ha
7、s approved the interpretations of the provision of SOLAS Chapter II-1 and of the Technical provisions adopted with resolution MSC.158(78) as contained in MSC.1/Circ.1284 and in MSC.1/Circ.1464/Rev.1. Application The vessel types and sizes listed below, if constructed on/after 1 January 2006 are requ
8、ired to comply with SOLAS Regulation II-1/3-6 and Resolutions MSC.151(78) and MSC.158(78): Oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage Bulk carriers (as defined in SOLAS regulation IX/1) of 20,000 gross tonnage and over. Scope In support of the Statutory and IACS guidance, ABS has prepared the Guide for Means
9、of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection. This Guide provides graphical illustrations and additional textual clarification of the means of access requirements. The goal is to improve the comprehension and application of the Statutory and IACS guidance. This Guide presents two (2) levels of means
10、of access guidance. The first provides the base criteria to meet the IMO requirements. The second, and preferred, level of guidance incorporates the application of current ergonomics practices to the means of access requirements. The application of ergonomics to the means of access requirements will
11、 enhance levels of safety as well as quality of work by providing appropriate access for survey, inspection and maintenance activities for tanks and holds. Associated Notations This Guide offers two optional notations related to means of access, PMA and PMA+. The PMA notation is awarded for complian
12、ce with all IMO permanent means of access requirements. The PMA+ notation is awarded for compliance with the enhanced ergonomic level of means of access guidance contained in this Guide. This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodicall
13、y on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of this Guide is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. ii ABSGUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION .2016 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR
14、 MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 Introduction . 1 2 Application 1 3 Scope 1 4 Terminology 2 5 Notations . 2 5.1 PMA Notation 2 5.2 PMA+ Notation 3 6 Detailed Considerations for the PMA+ Notation . 3 6.1 Overview . 3 6.2 Example of the Application
15、 of the PMA+ Notation . 3 6.3 Examples of PMA+ Notation Opportunities . 3 6.4 IMO Means of Access Requirements versus Ergonomic Practices 4 7 Documentation 5 7.1 Plans, Certifications, and Documentation 5 8 Surveys after Construction 5 8.1 Annual Surveys . 5 8.2 Intermediate Survey 6 8.3 Special Per
16、iodical Surveys 6 8.4 Requirements for Vessel Alterations . 6 9 Units of Measure . 6 10 Alternatives . 6 10.1 General 6 10.2 Other Regulations . 6 10.3 Departures from Criteria 7 SECTION 2 Means of Access Requirements and Interpretations 8 1 Introduction . 8 2 Associated Documentation . 8 3 Overview
17、 of Means of Access Requirements . 8 ABSGUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION .2016 iii 4 Specific Means of Access Requirements for Oil Tankers . 10 4.1 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) and Containing
18、 Internal Structures) 10 4.2 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.1 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) and Containing Internal Structures) 11 4.3 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) an
19、d Containing Internal Structures) 12 4.4 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.3 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) and Containing Internal Structures) 13 4.5 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.4 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m
20、(19.5 ft) and Containing Internal Structures) 13 4.6 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.5 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) and Containing Internal Structures) 14 4.7 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.1.6 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a
21、 Height 6 m (19.5 ft) and Containing Internal Structures) 15 4.8 Means of Access Requirements for Table 1/1.2 of MSC.158(78) for Oil Tankers (Tanks with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) . 29 FIGURE 14 Transverse Web Access for Bulk Carriers 30 FIGURE 15 Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) 32
22、FIGURE 16 Access Ladder between the Longitudinal Continuous Means of Access and the Bottom of the Space 33 FIGURE 17 Alternate Bilge Hopper Tank Access with a Height 6 m (19.5 ft) 34 FIGURE 18 Access for Foremost and Aftmost Bilge Hopper Tanks 35 SECTION 3 Walkways, Ramps, and Work Platforms . 38 1
23、General . 38 1.1 Design Loads . 38 2 Walkways and Ramps 39 2.1 General Principles . 39 2.2 Toeboards . 39 2.3 Walkway and Ramp Design . 40 vi ABSGUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION .2016 3 Work Platforms . 43 3.1 General Principles . 43 FIGURE 1 Toeboard Dimensions . 40 FIGUR
24、E 2 Walkway and Ramp Design 41 FIGURE 3 Web Frame Walkways 42 FIGURE 4 Discontinuous Handrail where Top and Mid Rails are Connected . 42 FIGURE 5 Discontinuous Handrails where Top and Mid Rails are not Connected . 43 FIGURE 6 Work Platform Dimensions . 44 SECTION 4 Vertical Ladders, Inclined Ladders
25、, and Handles 45 1 General . 45 1.1 Design Loads 45 1.2 Use and Selection of Ladders . 46 2 Vertical Ladders 46 2.1 General Principles . 46 2.2 Vertical Ladder Design 46 2.3 Climber Safety Devices . 51 2.4 Fall Protection from Secondary Fall Points 55 2.5 Individual Rung Ladders 61 3 Inclined Ladder
26、s 62 3.1 General 62 3.2 Inclined Ladder Design 62 3.3 Spiral Ladders . 65 4 Handles . 65 4.1 General 65 4.2 Handle Design/Placement . 66 TABLE 1 Selection of Access Type 46 TABLE 2 Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables 56 TABLE 3 Guardrail Re
27、quirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails/Cables 59 FIGURE 1 Vertical Ladders (General Criteria) . 47 FIGURE 2 Staggered Vertical Ladder 48 FIGURE 3 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Side Mount) . 50 FIGURE 4 Vertical Ladders to Landings (Ladder through Platform)
28、 51 FIGURE 5 Arrangement for Cage of Vertical Ladder . 52 FIGURE 6 Cage of Vertical Ladder Side View 53 FIGURE 7 Ladders with Climber Safety Rails or Cables . 54 FIGURE 8 Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables 57 FIGURE 9 Side Vi
29、ew of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders without Safety Cages or Climber Safety Rails/Cables 58 ABSGUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION .2016 vii FIGURE 10 Front View of Guardrail Requirements for Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages and without Climber Safety Rails/Cab
30、les 60 FIGURE 11 Individual Rung Ladder Design . 61 FIGURE 12 Inclined Ladders 63 FIGURE 13 Inclined Ladders with Landings . 64 FIGURE 14 Inclined Ladder Landing/Platform . 65 FIGURE 15 Handle Dimensions . 66 FIGURE 16 Handle Placement (Ladder not Extending Through Platform) 67 FIGURE 17 Handle Plac
31、ement (Stepping Through a Vertical Hatch) 68 FIGURE 18 Handle Placement (Stepping to or from a Vertical Ladder) 69 SECTION 5 Hatches . 70 1 General . 70 2 General Principles . 70 3 Hatch Design. 70 4 Horizontal Hatch Access Near a Coaming . 72 4.1 Horizontal Hatch Access through a Deck 73 FIGURE 1 H
32、atch Design . 71 FIGURE 2 Hatch Design (Alternative Arrangement) 72 FIGURE 3 Access Hatch Heights of 900 mm (35.5 in.) 73 FIGURE 4 Horizontal Hatch Access through a Deck . 74 SECTION 6 Alternative Means of Access . 75 1 General . 75 1.1 Definitions 75 2 Application . 75 3 Associated Documentation .
33、76 4 Guidance for Alternative Means of Access . 76 4.1 Portable Ladders . 76 4.2 Hydraulic Arm Vehicles 78 4.3 Wire Lift Platform . 79 4.4 Portable Platforms . 80 4.5 Scaffolding and Staging . 80 4.6 Rafting . 82 4.7 Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) 83 APPENDIX 1 References 84 APPENDIX 2 Acronyms and
34、 Abbreviations 86 viii ABSGUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION .2016 Section 1: Introduction SECTION 1 Introduction 1 Introduction (1 April 2016) The ability to survey/inspect the condition of a vessel is a principal means to help verify that the vessels structure is maintaine
35、d to comply with applicable requirements. These surveys/inspections assist Owners; flag Administrations and classification societies in determining that vessels are free from damage and that material thickness are within established limits. For surveys/inspections to be carried out safely and effect
36、ively, suitable means of access to the vessels structure is required. The most recent adoptions to IMO legislation (SOLAS Reg. II-1/3-6) have established new requirements for means of access. Throughout the life of a vessel, this access enables overall and close-up inspections and material thickness
37、 measurements of the vessels structures. These means of access may be used by flag Administrations, classification societies, vessel personnel and others as necessary. To assist in the implementation of these new requirements, IACS has developed Unified Interpretation (UI) SC 191 for the application
38、 of amended SOLAS regulation II-1/3-6 (resolution MSC.151 (78) and revised Technical provisions for means of access for inspections (resolution MSC.158 (78). In addition, the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) has approved the interpretations of the provision of SOLAS Chapter II-1 and of the Technical
39、provisions adopted with resolution MSC.158(78) as contained in MSC.1/Circ.1284 and in MSC.1/Circ.1464/Rev.1. In support of this document, ABS has prepared the Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection. This Guide provides additional information, via text and graphics, about the mea
40、ns of access requirements interpretation and application, as well as the criteria for the PMA and PMA+ notations. 2 Application The means of access requirements in SOLAS and in this Guide apply to: Oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage and over constructed on or after 1 January 2006. This regulation is o
41、nly applicable to oil tankers having tanks integral with the structure of the vessel which are used for carriage of oil in bulk, which is contained in the definition of oil in Annex 1 of MARPOL 73/78. Independent oil tanks can be excluded. Bulk carriers (as defined in SOLAS regulation IX/1) of 20,00
42、0 gross tonnage and over, constructed on or after 1 January 2006. SOLAS Regulation IX/1 defines a bulk carrier as a ship which is constructed generally with single deck, topside tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces, and is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, and includes such types
43、 as ore carriers and combination carriers. Note: Oil tankers of 500 gross tonnage and over constructed on or after 1 October 1994 but before 1 January 2005 shall comply with the provisions of regulation II-1/12-2 adopted by resolution MSC.27(61). Also, for oil tankers of less than 5,000 tonnes deadw
44、eight, Administrations may approve, in special circumstances, smaller dimensions for access through vertical and horizontal openings, if the ability to traverse such openings or to remove an injured person can be proved to the satisfaction of the Administration. 3 Scope (1 April 2016) To enable phys
45、ical surveys, inspections, and maintenance activities to be conducted effectively, consideration needs to be given to how the vessel will be designed, in particular, means of access arrangements. The effectiveness of the design of means of access can be maximized, as illustrated in this Guide, throu
46、gh the application of ergonomics to the vessels structural designs and arrangements. ABSGUIDE FOR MEANS OF ACCESS TO TANKS AND HOLDS FOR INSPECTION .2016 1 Section 1 Introduction This Guide presents two (2) levels of means of access guidance. The first level provides the base criteria to meet the IM
47、O requirements. The second, and preferred, level of guidance incorporates the application of ergonomics to the IMO means of access requirements. This Guide overlaps, in several areas, with two existing ABS publications: the ABS Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems and th
48、e ABS Guide for Ergonomic Notations. These publications are recommended companion documents to further promote the application and understanding of ergonomics principles to vessel designs. The application of ergonomics to the means of access requirements can improve overall personnel performance and
49、 safety, while reducing the potential for human error. 4 Terminology (1 April 2016) Accessibility: The ability for personnel to access equipment that requires maintenance, inspection, removal, or replacement while wearing the appropriate clothing, including personal protective equipment, and the ability to use all necessary tools and test equipment. Active Protection: A safety design or device that actively (or directly) requires a person to take specific actions before a potential loss, for example, donning a fall arrestor fitted to both the ladde
