1、Report on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in ConcreteReported by ACI Committees 236 and 241ACI 241R-17First PrintingJanuary 2017ISBN: 978-1-945487-50-7Report on Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in ConcreteCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
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11、 in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgACI Committee 241Konstantin Sobolev, Chair Mahmoud M. Reda Taha, SecretaryACI 241R-17Report on Applica
12、tion of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in ConcreteReported by ACI Committees 236 and 241Aali R. AlizadehMuhammed P. A. BasheerJon S. BelkowitzHaroldo de Mayo BernardesJeremy BettsPaul W. BrownSamir E. ChidiacVyatcheslav R. FalikmanLiberato FerraraIsmael Flores-VivianBrian H. GreenWilliam S. HartAu
13、lis KappiShiho KawashimaMaria S. Konsta-GdoutosKonstantin KovlerKimberly E. KurtisDavid A. LangeBerengere LebentalSamuel J. LinesViktor MechtcherineAnol Kanti MukhopadhyayJose F. MunozScott MuzenskiMoncef L. NehdiNarayanan NeithalathKamran M. NematiJan OlekH. Celik OzyildirimAlva PeledAmirpasha Peyv
14、andiAmal Puthur-JayapalanLaila RakiTodd S. RushingAly SaidFlorence SanchezSurendra P. ShahLin ShenMohammed SonebiDietmar StephanValeria StrokovaPeter StynoskiZhihui SunJussara TanesiKejin WangKay WilleBrett Anthony WilliamsErik E. WotringArdavan YazdanbakhshMin-Hong ZhangIgor ZhernovskyConsulting Me
15、mberMohamadreza MoiniCommittee 236The following voting members from Committee 236 drafted and voted on the initial report.Maria G. Juenger, ChairZachary C. Grasley*, SecretaryVoting MembersEmmanuel K. AttiogbeMuhammed P. A. Basheer*Jeremy Betts*Joseph J. BiernackiAndrew J. BoydPaul W. Brown*Van K. B
16、uiJeffrey W. BullardFrederic ChapdelaineSamir E. Chidiac*Peter A. Claisse*Neil J. CrockettMatthew D. DAmbrosiaChristopher C. FerraroMette GeikerR. Doug HootonJason H. IdekerO. Burkan IsgorAra A. JeknavorianAulis Kappi*Kamal H. KhayatEric P. KoehlerKonstantin Kovler*Kimberly E. Kurtis*David A. Lange*
17、Tyler LeyJacques MarchandBenjamin J. MohrParamita Mondal*Anol Kanti Mukhopadhyay*Moncef L. Nehdi*Narayanan Neithalath*Kamran M. Nemati*Michelle R. NokkenJan Olek*Sulapha Peethamparan*Vincent PicandetAleksandra RadlinskaLaila Raki*Prasad R. Rangaraju*Mahmoud M. Reda Taha*Kyle Austin RidingDavid A. Ro
18、thsteinDella M. RoyAly Said*Florence Sanchez*Gaurav N. Sant*Yixin ShaoCaijun ShiKenneth SnyderKonstantin SobolevMohammed Sonebi*Jussara Tanesi*Peter C. Taylor*Michael D. A. ThomasDavid TrejoWilasa Vichit-VadakanKejin Wang*Zhaozhou ZhangSubcommittee MembersAali Alizadeh*Mohamed Bassuoni*Jon Belkowitz
19、*Haroldo de Mayo Bernardes*Chul-Woo Chung*Deborah D. L. Chung*Vyatcheslav Falikman*Liberato Ferrara*Ismael Flores-Vivian*Nishant Garg*Brian Green*William S. Hart*Payam Hosseini*Maria S. Konsta *Berengere Lebental*Samuel Lines*Viktor Mechtcherine*Jose Munoz*H Celik Ozyildirim*Bekir Pekmezci*Alva Pele
20、d*Amal Puthur-Jayapalan*Todd S. Rushing*Joan Schoepfer*Surendra P. Shah*Lin Shen*Caijun Shi*Valeria Strokova*Peter Stynoski*Zhihui Sun*Jacqueline N. Villa Prenger*Brett Williams*Min-Hong Zhang*Igor Zhernovsky*Consulting MembersBarbara LothenbachWeiping MaFrank Winnefeld*Members of 236D subcommittee
21、who drafted this report.Chair of 236D subcommittee who drafted this report.Members of Committees 236 and 241 thank J. Beaudoin, M. Rahman, J. Kim, L. Brown, C. Gay, and T. Sato for their contributions to this report.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in plannin
22、g, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The America
23、n Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to
24、 be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 241R-17 was adopted and published January2017.Copyright 2017, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by
25、any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright propr
26、ietors.1This report presents information on nanotechnology of concrete, including recent developments related to investigation of nano-structure and nanodesign of cement-based materials, the effects of nanoparticles, field applications, and health and environmental safety concerns related to the use
27、 of nanomaterials.Keywords: biomimicry; carbon nanofibers; carbon nanotubes; nanobinder; nanoclay; nanoindentation; nanoparticles; nanosilica; nanotechnology; nanotitanium dioxide; superhydrophobic concrete.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 3CHAPTER 2NOTA
28、TION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 32.1Notation, p. 32.2Definitions, p. 4CHAPTER 3INVESTIGATION AND MODELING OF NANOSTRUCTURE AND HYDRATION MECHANISMS, p. 53.1Investigation of nanostructure, p. 53.2Nanocharacterization, p. 73.3Modeling of cementitious nanostructures, p. 10CHAPTER 4NANOASSEMBLY AND BIOMIMETICS
29、 IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIAL, p. 104.1Nanoparticles in polymer/cement matrix, p. 114.2Advanced fibers, p. 114.3Superhydrophobic concrete, p. 11CHAPTER 5NANOSIZED AND NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IN CEMENT AND CONCRETE, p. 135.1Application of nanoparticles, p. 135.2Application of carbon nanotubes/nanofibers
30、, p. 195.3Synthesis of CNTs/CNFs on cement and cementi-tious material particles, p. 215.4Nanocomposites, p. 21CHAPTER 6NANOMATERIALS IN CONCRETE: FIELD APPLICATIONS, p. 22CHAPTER 7ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND SAFETY OF NANOMATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE, p. 247.1Nanoparticles and health effects, p. 247.2Ef
31、fects on environment, p. 247.3Risk assessment, p. 25CHAPTER 8REFERENCES, p. 25Authored documents, p. 25CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionNanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering focused on understanding and controlling matter at dimensions between 1 and 100
32、nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.Nanotechnology was first introduced by Feynman (1960) and is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field; many developments have emerged in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering in the study of various materials or substances at the
33、 nanoscale.There are two main approaches in nanotechnology: 1) the top-down approach, in which larger structures are reduced in size to the nanoscale while maintaining their original prop-erties without atomic-level control (for example, miniatur-ization in the domain of electronics), or deconstruct
34、ed from larger structures into smaller, composite parts (top part of Fig. 1.1a); and 2) the bottom-up approach, also called molec-ular nanotechnology or molecular manufacturing, introduced by Drexler et al. (1991), in which materials are engineered from atoms, or molecular components, through a proc
35、ess of assembly or self-assembly (bottom part of Fig. 1.1a). While most contemporary technologies, including concrete, rely on the top-down approach, molecular nanotechnology holds great promise for advancement in materials and manufac-turing, electronics, medicine and healthcare, energy, biotech-no
36、logy, information technology, and national security.Nanoscience and nanoengineering are commonly-used terms that describe nanotechnology applications in concrete (Sobolev and Ferrada-Gutirrez 2005a; Scrivener and Kirk-patrick 2008; Scrivener 2009; Raki et al. 2009; Garboczi 2009). To date, nanotechn
37、ology applications and advances in the fields of construction and building materials have been inconsistent (Bartos 2009; Sanchez and Sobolev 2010; Sobolev and Sanchez 2012). Implementing nanotechnology into concrete on a commercial scale remains limited. Some research developments, however, have be
38、en successfully converted into marketable products. The main advances have been in nanoscience of cementitious and pozzolanic materials, providing an increase in the knowledge and under-standing of basic phenomena in cement at the nanoscale (Scrivener and Kirkpatrick 2008; Scrivener 2009). Exam-ples
39、 include structure and mechanical properties of the main hydrate phases, origins of cement cohesion, cement hydra-tion, interfaces in concrete, and mechanisms of degradation. Recent innovations in instrumentation for observing and measuring at the nanoscale are providing a wealth of new and unpreced
40、ented information about concrete. This infor-mation is crucial for a better understanding of mechanisms and factors influencing performance requirements, as well as predicting the service life of concrete and providing new insights for improvement. Important summaries and compi-lations of nanotechno
41、logy in construction can be found in Sobolev and Ferrada-Gutirrez (2005a), Bartos et al. (2006), de Miguel et al. (2006), Scrivener and Kirkpatrick (2008), Sobolev and Shah (2008), Sobolev et al. (2008b), Sanchez American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 REPORT ON APPLICATIO
42、N OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS IN CONCRETE (ACI 241R-17)and Sobolev (2010), Sobolev and Sanchez (2012), and Birgisson et al. (2012).Concrete, the most ubiquitous construction material, is a “nanostructured, multiphase, porous composite material, composed of amorphous phases, nanometer- to mic
43、rom-eter-size crystals, and bound and free water” (Sanchez and Sobolev 2010). The properties of concrete exist at multiple length scales, nano to micro to macro (Fig. 1.1b). The prop-erties of each scale derive from those of the next-smaller scale (Jennings et al. 2008; Sanchez et al. 2009). The amo
44、r-phous phase, calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), is the phase that holds concrete together (Chong and Garboczi 2002), and is itself a nanostructured material (Fig. 1.1c).Viewed from the bottom-up, concrete at the nanoscale is a composite of molecular assemblages, surfaces such as aggregates and fibe
45、rs, and chemical bonds that interact through local chemical reactions, intermolecular forces, and intra-phase diffusion. Properties characterizing this scale include surface properties and chemical bond properties such as type, length, strength/energy, and density. Structures of the amorphous and cr
46、ystalline phases and the interphase bound-aries originate from this scale. Properties and processes at the nanoscale define interactions that occur between particles and phases at the microscale, the effects of working loads, and the surrounding environment at the macroscale. Processes occur-ring at
47、 the nanoscale ultimately affect the engineering proper-ties and performance of the bulk material (Garboczi and Bentz 1996, 1998; Xi et al. 2000; Jennings et al. 2008; Scrivener and Kirkpatrick 2008; Sanchez et al. 2009).1.2ScopeThis report provides information for those involved in concrete design
48、and construction so they are familiar with the factors involved in the effective use of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. This document is not intended as a primary reference source for researchers. Rather, it is aimed at engi-neers and architects who wish to gain further understanding of the effect
49、s of nanomaterials and nanoadditives being used or proposed for application in concrete.Application of available technology is demonstrated for a range of nanoconcrete structures to show that technological risks are at a known and acceptable level and high industry standards maintained. An overview reports on the main developments in the fields of nanotechnology and nanosci-ence that are related to concrete, along with their implica-tions and key findings. Factors affecting performance of fresh and hardened concrete are discussed to enable those involv
