1、Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) BarsReported by ACI Committee 440ACI 440.1R-15First PrintingMarch 2015ISBN: 978-1-942727-10-1Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polym
2、er (FRP) BarsCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technic
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14、esired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 440.1R-15 supersedes ACI 440.1R-06 and was adopted and published March 2015.Copyright 2015, American Concrete Institute.All rights res
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16、 unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI 440.1R-15Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) BarsReported by ACI Committee 440Carol K. Shield, ChairWilliam J. Gold, SecretaryTarek AlkhrdajiCharles E.
17、 BakisLawrence C. BankAbdeldjelil BelarbiBrahim BenmokraneLuke A. BisbyGregg J. BlaszakHakim BouadiTimothy E. BradberryGordon L. Brown Jr.Vicki L. BrownJohn P. BuselRaafat El-HachaGarth J. FallisAmir Z. FamNabil F. GraceMark F. GreenZareh B. GregorianDoug. D. GremelShawn P. Gross*H. R. Trey Hamilton
18、 IIIIssam E. HarikKent A. HarriesMark P. HendersonBohdan N. HoreczkoMichael W. LeeMaria Lopez de MurphyIbrahim M. MahfouzAmir MirmiranJohn J. MyersAntonio NanniAyman M. OkeilCarlos E. OspinaRenato ParettiMax L. PorterAndrea ProtaHayder A. RasheedSami H. RizkallaRajan SenRudolf SeracinoPedro F. Silva
19、Khaled A. SoudkiSamuel A. Steere IIIJay ThomasHoussam A. ToutanjiJ. Gustavo TumialanMilan VatovecDavid WhiteSarah E. WittConsulting MembersP. N. BalaguruCraig A. BallingerHarald G. F. BudelmannC. J. BurgoyneElliot P. DouglasRami M. ElhassanDavid M. GaleRussell GentryArie GerritseSrinivasa L. IyerKoi
20、chi KishitaniHoward S. KligerKyuichi MaruyamaAntoine E. NaamanHajime OkamuraMark A. PostmaFerdinand S. RostasySurendra P. ShahMohsen ShahawyYasuhisa SonobeMinoru SugitaLuc R. TaerweRalejs TepfersTaketo UomotoPaul Zia*Subcommittee Chair.Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have emerged as an alte
21、rnative for producing reinforcing bars for concrete structures. Fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing bars offer advantages over steel reinforcement because they are noncorrosive. Some FRP bars are nonconductive as well. Due to other differences in the physical and mechanical behavior of FRP material
22、s versus steel, unique guidance on the engineering and construction of concrete structures reinforced with FRP bars is necessary. Other countries and regions, such as Japan, Canada, and Europe have established design and construction guidelines specifically for the use of FRP bars as concrete reinfo
23、rcement. This guide offers general informa-tion on the history and use of FRP reinforcement, a description of the unique material properties of FRP, and guidelines for the design and construction of structural concrete members reinforced with FRP bars. This guide is based on the knowledge gained fro
24、m worldwide experimental research, analytical work, and field appli-cations of FRP reinforcement.Keywords: anchorage (structural); aramid fiber; carbon fiber; crack control; concrete construction; concrete slabs; cover; creep rupture; deflections; design examples; durability; fiber-reinforced polyme
25、r; flexural strength; glass fiber; moments; reinforced concrete; reinforcement; serviceability; shear strength; spans; strength analysis; stresses; structural concrete; struc-tural design.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 31CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIO
26、NS, p. 32.1Notation, p. 32.2Definitions, p. 5CHAPTER 3BACKGROUND, p. 63.1Historical development, p. 63.2History of use, p. 63.3Material characteristics, p. 8CHAPTER 4MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS, p. 94.1Physical properties, p. 94.2Mechanical properties and behavior, p. 104.3Time-dependent behavior, p. 1
27、14.4Effects of high temperatures and fire, p. 13CHAPTER 5DURABILITY, p. 145.1Accelerated durability testing, p. 145.2Durability of FRP bars, p. 145.3Durability of bond between FRP and concrete, p. 15CHAPTER 6GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, p. 166.1Design philosophy, p. 166.2Design material properties
28、, p. 16CHAPTER 7FLEXURE, p. 167.1General considerations, p. 167.2Flexural strength, p. 177.3Serviceability, p. 207.4Creep rupture and fatigue, p. 24CHAPTER 8SHEAR, p. 248.1General considerations, p. 248.2Shear strength of FRP-reinforced members, p. 248.3Detailing of shear stirrups, p. 268.4Shear str
29、ength of FRP-reinforced two-way concrete slabs, p. 26CHAPTER 9SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT, p. 279.1Minimum FRP reinforcement ratio, p. 27CHAPTER 10DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT, p. 2710.1Development of stress in straight bar, p. 2710.2Development length of bent bar, p. 2910.3D
30、evelopment of positive moment reinforcement, p. 3010.4Tension lap splice, p. 30CHAPTER 11DESIGN EXAMPLES, p. 31Example 1Flexural (moment) strength using equiva-lent rectangular concrete stress distribution (compression-controlled section), p. 31Example 2Flexural (moment) strength using equivalent re
31、ctangular concrete stress distribution (tension-controlled section), p. 32Example 3Design of a rectangular beam with tension reinforcement only, p. 34Example 4Design of one-way solid slab, p. 36Example 5Distribution of reinforcement for effective crack control, p. 39Example 6Deflection of a simple-s
32、pan nonprestressed rectangular beam, p. 42Example 7Creep rupture stress check under sustained loads, p. 45Example 8Design for shear (members subject to shear and flexure only), p. 46Example 9Development of bars in tension (compres-sion-controlled or transition zone section), p. 49Example 10Developme
33、nt of bars in tension (tension-controlled section), p. 50Example 11Shear strength of slab at column support, p. 51Example 1MFlexural (moment) strength using equiva-lent rectangular concrete stress distribution (compression-controlled section), p. 52Example 2MFlexural (moment) strength using equiv-al
34、ent rectangular concrete stress distribution (tension-controlled section), p. 54Example 3MDesign of a rectangular beam with tension reinforcement only, p. 56Example 4MDesign of one-way solid slab, p. 58Example 5MDistribution of reinforcement for effective crack control, p. 61Example 6MDeflection of
35、a simple-span nonprestressed rectangular beam, p. 63Example 7MCreep rupture stress check under sustained loads, p. 66Example 8MDesign for shear (members subject to shear and flexure only), p. 68Example 9MDevelopment of bars in tension (compres-sion-controlled or transition zone section), p. 70Exampl
36、e 10MDevelopment of bars in tension (tension-controlled section), p. 71Example 11MShear strength of slab at column support, p. 73CHAPTER 12REFERENCES, p. 74Authored documents, p. 74APPENDIX ASLABS-ON-GROUND, p. 83A.1Design of plain concrete slabs, p. 83A.2Design of slabs with shrinkage and temperatu
37、re reinforcement, p. 83CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionConventional concrete structures are reinforced with nonprestressed and prestressed steel. The steel is initially protected against corrosion by the alkalinity of the concrete, usually resulting in durable and serviceable construct
38、ion. For many structures subjected to aggressive environments, such as marine structures, bridges, and parking garages American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH FRP BARS (ACI 440.1R-15)exposed to deicing salts, c
39、ombinations of moisture, tempera-ture, and chlorides reduce the alkalinity of the concrete and result in the corrosion of reinforcing steel. The corrosion process ultimately causes concrete deterioration and loss of serviceability.Composite materials made of fibers embedded in a poly-meric resin, al
40、so known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), are an alternative to steel reinforcement for concrete struc-tures. Fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing materials are made of continuous aramid fiber (AFRP), carbon fiber (CFRP), or glass fiber (GFRP) embedded in a resin matrix. Examples of FRP reinforcin
41、g bars are shown in Fig. 1.1. Because FRP materials are nonmagnetic and noncorro-sive, the problems of electromagnetic interference and steel corrosion can be avoided with FRP reinforcement. Addition-ally, FRP materials exhibit several properties, such as high tensile strength, that make them suitab
42、le for use as structural reinforcement (ACI 440R; Benmokrane and Rahman 1998; Burgoyne 2001; Cosenza et al. 2001; Dolan et al. 1999; El-Badry 1996; Figueiras et al. 2001; Humar and Razaqpur 2000; Iyer and Sen 1991; Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) 1992, 1997a; Nanni 1993a; Nanni and Dolan 199
43、3; Neale and Labossiere 1992; Saadatmanesh and Ehsani 1998; Taerwe 1995; Teng 2001; White 1992).The mechanical behavior of FRP reinforcement differs from the behavior of conventional steel reinforcement. Accordingly, a change in the traditional design philosophy of concrete structures is needed for
44、FRP reinforcement. Fiber-reinforced polymer materials are anisotropic and are characterized by high tensile strength only in the direction of the reinforcing fibers. This anisotropic behavior affects the shear strength and dowel action of FRP bars as well as the bond performance. Furthermore, FRP ma
45、terials do not yield; rather, they are elastic until failure. Design procedures should account for a lack of ductility in structural concrete members reinforced with FRP bars.This guide was first developed in 2001 as a guide for the design and construction of structural concrete with FRP bars. Other
46、 countries and regions, such as Japan (Japan Society of Civil Engineers 1997b), Canada (CAN/CSA-S6-06, CAN/CSA-S806-12), and Europe (fib 2007, 2010) have also estab-lished similar design-related documents. There is adequate analytical and experimental information on FRP-reinforced concrete, and sign
47、ificant field experience implementing this knowledge. Successful applications worldwide using FRP composite reinforcing bars during the past few decades have demonstrated that it can be used successfully and practically. Research and field implementation is ongoing and design recommendations continu
48、e to evolve. When using this tech-nology, exercise judgment as to the appropriate application of FRP reinforcement and be aware of its limitations as discussed in this guide.Note: Any reference to ACI 318 in this document without a year designation refers to ACI 318-11. All exceptions will have a sp
49、ecific year designation.1.2ScopeThis guide provides recommendations for the design and construction of FRP-reinforced concrete structures for nonprestressed FRP reinforcement; concrete structures prestressed with FRP tendons are covered in ACI 440.4R. The basis for this guide is knowledge gained from world-wide experimental research, analytical research work, and field applications of FRP reinforcement.Design recommendations are based on the current knowl-edge and are intended to supplement existing codes and guideli
