1、Report on Design and Construction of Fiber-Reinforced Precast Concrete Tunnel SegmentsReported by ACI Committee 544ACI 544.7R-16Emerging Technology SeriesFirst PrintingJanuary 2016ISBN: 978-0-87031-948-8Report on Design and Construction of Fiber-Reinforced Precast Concrete Tunnel SegmentsCopyright b
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11、standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgACI encourages the development and appropriate us
12、e of new and emerging technologies through the publication of the Emerging Technology Series. This series presents information and recommendations based on avail-able test data, technical reports, limited experience with field applications, and the opinions of committee members. The presented inform
13、ation and recommendations, and their basis, may be less fully developed and tested than those for more mature technologies. This report identifies areas in which information is believed to be less fully developed, and describes research needs. The professional using this document should understand t
14、he limitations of this document and exercise judgment as to the appro-priate application of this emerging technology.Fiber reinforcement has emerged as an alternative to traditional reinforcing bars and welded wire mesh reinforcement for precast concrete tunnel segments. Due to significantly improve
15、d post-cracking behavior and crack control characteristics, fiber-rein-forced concrete (FRC) segments offer advantages over tradition-ally reinforced concrete segments such as saving cost and reducing production time while developing a more robust product with improved handling and long-term durabil
16、ity. Specific guidance on the design of fiber-reinforced precast concrete tunnel segments is needed for this emerging technology. This document offers general information on the history of FRC precast segments from tunneling projects throughout the world; a procedure for structural analysis and desi
17、gn based on governing load cases; and a description of the material parameters, tests, and analyses required to complete the design. The proposed guidelines are based on the knowledge gained from experimental research, analytical work, and the expe-rience gained on numerous FRC precast tunnel projec
18、ts.Keywords: crack widths; earth pressure; fibers; fiber-reinforced concrete; grout pressure; hydrostatic pressure; lining; precast segment; stripping; surcharge load; thrust jack forces; tunnel.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope and limitations, p. 31.3Applic
19、ations and uses in existing tunnels, p. 3Barzin Mobasher, ChairNeven Krstulovic-Opara, SecretaryClifford N. MacDonald, Membership Secretary544.7R-16Emerging Technology SeriesReport on Design and Construction of Fiber-Reinforced Precast Concrete Tunnel SegmentsReported by ACI Committee 544Corina-Mari
20、a AldeaEmmanuel K. AttiogbeMehdi Bakhshi*Nemkumar BanthiaJoaquim Oliveira BarrosAmir BonakdarAmanda C. BordelonJean-Philippe CharronXavier DestreeAshish DubeyMahmut EkenelLiberato FerraraGregor D. FischerDean P. ForgeronEmilio Garcia TaenguaRishi GuptaHeidi HelminkGeorge C. HoffMarco InvernizziJohn
21、JonesDavid A. LangeMaria Lopez de MurphyMichael MahoneyBruno MassicotteJames MilliganNicholas C. Mitchell Jr.Verya NasriJeffrey L. NovakGiovanni A. PlizzariKlaus Alexander RiederPierre RossiSteve SchaefSurendra P. ShahFlavio de Andrade SilvaGiuseppe TibertiThomas E. WestKay WilleRobert C. ZellersCon
22、sulting MembersP.N. BalaguruHiram Price Ball Jr.Gordon B. BatsonArnon BenturAndrzej M. BrandtJames I. DanielSidney FreedmanChristian MeyerHenry J. MolloyAntoine E. NaamanVenkataswamy Ramakrishnan*Chair of the task group that prepared this report.Individuals who prepared this report.Deceased.V. Nasri
23、 is acknowledged as a signifi-cant contributor to this report. Special acknowledgements to M. Invernizzi, W. Bergeson, and S. Giuliani-Leonardi for their contributions to this report.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and insp
24、ecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims an
25、y and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract docume
26、nts, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 544.7R-16 was adopted and published January 2016.Copyright 2016, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the makin
27、g of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND
28、 DEFINITIONS, p. 32.1Notation, p. 32.2Definitions, p. 6CHAPTER 3DESIGN PHILOSOPHY, p. 63.1Fiber-reinforced concrete design codes, standards, and recommendations, p. 63.2Governing load cases and load factors, p. 73.3Design approach, p. 7CHAPTER 4DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION AND TRANSIENT STAGES, p. 84.1Load
29、 Case 1: Segment stripping, p. 84.2Load Case 2: Segment storage, p. 94.3Load Case 3: Segment transportation, p. 104.4Load Case 4: Segment handling, p. 10CHAPTER 5DESIGN FOR CONSTRUCTION STAGES, p. 115.1Load Case 5: Tunnel-boring machine thrust jack forces, p. 115.2Load Case 6: Tail skin back-groutin
30、g pressure, p. 145.3Load Case 7: Localized back grouting (secondary grouting) pressure, p. 17CHAPTER 6DESIGN FOR SERVICE STAGES, p. 186.1Load Case 8: Earth pressure, groundwater, and surcharge loads, p. 186.2Load Case 9: Longitudinal joint bursting load, p. 216.3Load Case 10: Loads induced due to ad
31、ditional distortion, p. 226.4Load Case 11: Other loads, p. 23CHAPTER 7MATERIAL PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN, p. 23CHAPTER 8TESTS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION, p. 238.1Material parameters, tests, and analyses, p. 238.2Full-scale tests, p. 24CHAPTER 9HYBRID REINFORCEMENT FOR TUNNEL LININGS, p. 25CHAPTER 10DESI
32、GN EXAMPLES, p. 2710.1Monte Lirio tunnel in Panama, p. 27Design summary, p. 2710.2Barcelona Metro Line 9, p. 2 9CHAPTER 11REFERENCES, p. 30Authored documents, p. 30APPENDIX ACALCULATION OF AXIAL FORCE-BENDING MOMENT INTERACTION DIAGRAM, p. 33CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionPrecast conc
33、rete segments are installed to support the tunnel bore behind the tunnel-boring machine (TBM) in soft ground and weak rock applications. The TBM advances by reacting against the completed rings of precast concrete segments that typically provide both the initial and final ground support as part of a
34、 one-pass liner system. These segments are typically designed to resist the permanent loads from the ground and groundwater, as well as the temporary loads from production, transportation, and construction. Tunnel segments are generally reinforced to resist the tensile stresses at both the serviceab
35、ility limit state (SLS) and the ultimate limit states (ULS). With traditional reinforcing bar, a significant amount of labor is needed to assemble the cages and place the reinforcing bar.Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) can be used to enhance handling and placement of precast concrete segments with t
36、he added benefit of reducing job-site labor requirements. FRC considerably improves the post-cracking behavior, defined as toughness (di Prisco et al. 2009), and it has better crack control characteristics than conventional steel-bar-reinforced concrete (Minelli et al. 2011; Tiberti et al. 2014). Th
37、e use of FRC generally results in smaller crack widths and improved durability over the life of the structure. Because of the uniform dispersion of fibers throughout the segment, including the area around the segment face, fiber reinforce-ment effectively resists the bursting and spalling stresses t
38、hat develop during the TBM jacking process. de Waal (1999) and Schntgen (2003) highlight the beneficial effect of FRC in the presence of concentrated loads and bursting. Further-more, the presence of fiber in the concrete matrix increases the fatigue and impact resistance of the segments that help m
39、itigate against unintentional impact loads during segment handling and tunnel construction operations (di Prisco and Felicetti 2004).Reinforcing bar is efficient for resisting localized stresses in the concrete segment such as stresses due to concen-trated loads during production. The distributed st
40、resses such as stresses due to earth pressure and groundwater loads at final service stage, however, are better dealt with by fiber reinforcement. Because both localized and distributed stresses are generally present in tunnel linings, segments can be manufactured using a combination of conventional
41、 reinforcing bar and fiber reinforcementthat is, a hybrid system. For larger-diameter tunnels with high internal forces, a combined solution of fibers and reinforcing bar may present an ideal solution (Plizzari and Tiberti 2006, 2007; de la Fuente et al. 2012). Using current technology with high-str
42、ength concrete segments, tunnel rings of more than 23 ft (7 m) in diameter have been used successfully (Abbas et al. 2014). Examples include Grosvenor Coal Mine, Channel Tunnel Rail Link Tunnel, and Blue Plains Tunnel with internal diameters of 23, 23.5, and 23 ft (7, 7.15, and 7 m), respectively.Th
43、e slenderness of the tunnel segment (), defined as the ratio between the breadth or curved length of segment along American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FIBER-REINFORCED PRECAST CONCRETE TUNNEL SEGMENTS (ACI 544.7R-15)its centroid (developed se
44、gment lengths) and its thickness, is a key parameter to determine when fibers can be used as the only source of reinforcement in the concrete tunnel segments. When the slenderness of a segment is higher than 10, it is generally necessary to adopt a hybrid reinforcement of fibers and conventional bar
45、s; however, Beo and Hilar (2013) have proposed to increase the slenderness limit up to 12 to 13 using the pilot test tunnel segments used in Prague Metro Line A Extension in Czech Republic as a model. Full-scale tests are needed to validate the usage of fibers with such slenderness conditions.1.2Sco
46、pe and limitationsThe fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) segment designers should be provided with a clear and simple approach using specified post-crack residual tensile strength p(ACI 544.8R) and specified compressive strength fc. This report proposes a procedure for designing FRC tunnel segments to
47、withstand all the appropriate temporary and permanent load cases occurring during the construction and design life of tunnels. This procedure is based on the available design codes, standards, and guidelines. Application of this approach is summarized in this document. Full-scale bending tests are a
48、lso discussed to evaluate the segment performance during each stage of its design life to include stripping, storage handling, transportation, and the in-service load condition due to earth pressure, groundwater, and surcharge loads. Other full-scale tests performed on the precast segments include t
49、hrust tests to reproduce the tunnel boring machine (TBM) action on the segment during the jacking process.This report is focused on the analysis, design, and manu-facturing of FRC segments of one-pass precast segmental lining used with TBM-bored tunnels. The design methods presented can be applied to tunnels of different types such as road, railway, and subway tunnels; headrace, water supply, and wastewater tunnels; and service, gas pipeline, and power cable tunnels. Two-pass lining systems, however, can also benefit from the proposed
