1、JUNE 2010EDITIONTechnical Manual for Design and Constructionof Road TunnelsCIVIL ELEMENTSAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law
2、.ISBN: 978-1-56051-457-2 Pub Code: DCRT-1 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Off
3、icials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iiiEXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20092010 Voting Members Officers: President: Larry L. “Bu
4、tch” Brown, Mississippi Vice President: Susan Martinovich, Nevada Secretary-Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, Utah Regional Representatives: REGION I: Joseph Marie, Connecticut, One-Year Term Gabe Klein, District of Columbia, Two-Year Term REGION II: Dan Flowers, Arkansas, One-Year Term Mike Hancock, Kent
5、ucky, Two-Year TermREGION III: Nancy J. Richardson, Iowa, One-Year Term Thomas K. Sorel, Minnesota, Two-Year Term REGION IV: Paula Hammond, Washington, One-Year Term Amadeo Saenz, Jr., Texas, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members Immediate Past President: Allen Biehler, Pennsylvania AASHTO Executive Direc
6、tor: John Horsley, Washington, DC 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ivHIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 2009 MALCOLM T. KERLEY, Chair JAMES A. MOORE, Vice Chair M. MYINT LWIN,
7、Federal Highway Administration, Secretary RAJ AILANEY, Federal Highway Administration, Assistant Secretary KEN KOBETSKY, AASHTO Liaison KELLEY REHM, AASHTO Liaison ALABAMA, John F. “Buddy” Black, William “Tim” Colquett, George H. Conner ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, Jean A. Nehme ARKANSAS, Phil
8、Brand CALIFORNIA, Kevin Thompson, Susan Hida, Barton J. Newton COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard, Michael G. Salamon CONNECTICUT, Julie F. Georges DELAWARE, Jiten K. Soneji, Barry A. Benton DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Nicolas Galdos, L. Donald Cooney, Konjit “Connie” Eskender FLORIDA, Marcus Ansley, Sam Fallaha,
9、Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Paul V. Liles, Jr. HAWAII, Paul T. Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson, Thomas J. Domagalski INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst, James J. Brennan, Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY, Mark Hite LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Arthu
10、r DAndrea, Paul Fossier MAINE, David B. Sherlock, Jeffrey S. Folsom MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Robert J. Healy MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow, Shirley Eslinger MICHIGAN, Steven P. Beck, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Daniel L. Dorgan, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Mitchell K. Carr, B. Keith Carr MISSO
11、URI, Dennis Heckman, Michael Harms MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes NEBRASKA, Mark J. Traynowicz, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber NEVADA, Mark P. Elicegui, Todd Stefonowicz NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark W. Richardson, David L. Scott NEW JERSEY, Richard W. Dunne NEW MEXICO, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, George
12、A. Christian, Donald F. Dwyer, Arthur P. Yannotti NORTH CAROLINA, Greg R. Perfetti NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Timothy J. Keller, Jawdat Siddiqi OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Gregory D. Allen, John A. Schmiedel OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, Thomas P. Macioce, Harold C
13、. “Hal” Rogers, Jr., Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, David Fish SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Kevin Goeden TENNESSEE, Edward P. Wasserman TEXAS, David P. Hohmann, Keith L. Ramsey U.S. DOT, M. Myint Lwin, Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim UTAH, (Vacant) VERMONT, Way
14、ne B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley, Kendal Walus, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Julius F. J. Volgyi, Jr. WASHINGTON, Jugesh Kapur, Tony M. Allen, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Gregory Bailey, James D. Shook WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, Beth A. Cannestra, William Dreher WYOMING, Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R
15、. Fulton GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, Kary H. Witt N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William J. Moreau PENN. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James L. Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Christopher H. Westbrook U.S. COAST GUARD, Hala Elgaaly U.S. DEPARTMENT
16、 OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, John R. Kattell, Scott F. Mitchell ALBERTA, Tom Loo NEW BRUNSWICK, Doug Noble NOVA SCOTIA, Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Bala Tharmabala SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARDWaseem Dekelbab 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Of
17、ficials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.v FOREWORD TO FHWA MANUAL The Federal Highways Administration Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road TunnelsCivil Elements has been published to provide guidelines and recommendations for planning, design, constr
18、uction, and structural rehabilitation and repair of the civil elements of road tunnels, including cut-and-cover tunnels, mined and bored tunnels, immersed tunnels, and jacked box tunnels. The latest edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Speci
19、fications are used to the greatest extent applicable in the design examples. This Manual focuses primarily on the civil elements of design and construction of road tunnels. It is the intent of FHWA to collaborate with AASHTO to further develop manuals for the design and construction of other key tun
20、nel elements, such as ventilation; lighting; fire life safety; and mechanical, electrical, and control systems. FHWA intends to work with road tunnel owners in developing a manual on the maintenance, operation, and inspection of road tunnels. This Manual is expected to expand on the two currently av
21、ailable FHWA publications: 1) Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Inspection Manual and 2) Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Maintenance and Rehabilitation Manual. M. Myint Lwin, Director Office of Bridge Technology 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights
22、reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AASHTOs Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road TunnelsCivil Elements was originally published by FHWA in May 2009 (FHWA-NHI-09-010) and revised in December 2009 (FHWA-NHI-10-034). This AASHTO June 2010 edition in
23、corporates graphic and editorial improvement, as well as minor technical revisions. The development of this manual was led by Principal Investigators including C. Jeremy Hung, P.E.; J. Monsees, Ph.D., P.E., N. Munfakh, P.E., and J. Wisniewski, P.E. of Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., funded by the Nation
24、al Highway Institute, and supported by Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., as well as numerous authors and reviewers acknowledged hereafter including the following primary authors from Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. (PB), and Gall Zeidler Consultants, LLC: Chapter 1Planning: Nasri Munfah and Christian Ingerslev
25、 Chapter 2Geometrical Configuration: Christian Ingerslev and Jeremy Hung Chapter 3Geotechnical Investigation: Jeremy Hung and Raymond Castelli Chapter 4Geotechnical Report: Raymond Castelli and Jeremy Hung Chapter 5Cut-and-Cover Tunnels: John Wisniewski and Nasri Munfah Chapter 6Rock Tunneling: Jame
26、s Monsees and Sunghoon Choi Chapter 7Soft Ground Tunneling: James Monsees Chapter 8Difficult Ground Tunneling: James Monsees and Terrence McCusker (Consultant) Chapter 9Sequential Excavation Method: Vojtech Gall and Kurt Zeidler Chapter 10Tunneling Lining: John Wisniewski Chapter 11Immersed Tunnels:
27、 Christian Ingerslev and Nasri Munfah Chapter 12Jacked Box Tunneling: Philip Rice and Jeremy Hung Chapter 13Seismic Considerations: Jaw-Nan (Joe) Wang Chapter 14Construction Engineering: Thomas Peyton Chapter 15Geotechnical and Structural Instrumentation: Charles Daugherty and Doug Anderson Chapter
28、16Tunnel Rehabilitation: Henry Russell The Principal Investigators would like to especially acknowledge the support of the FHWA Task Manager, Firas Ibrahim, and the reviews and recommendations provided by the FHWA technical reviewers including Jesus Rohena, Jerry DiMaggio, Steven Ernst, and Peter Os
29、born. Furthermore, the reviews and contributions of the following members of the AASHTO T-20 Tunnel Committee are also acknowledged: Kevin Thompson, Chair, California Department of Transportation Bruce Johnson, Vice Chair, Oregon Department of Transportation Donald Dwyer, New York State Department o
30、f Transportation Louis Ruzzi, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Prasad Nallapaneni, Virginia Department of Transportation Michael Salamon, Colorado Department of Transportation Bijan Khaleghi, Washington Department of Transportation Alexander Bardow, Massachusetts Highway Department Dharam P
31、al, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Moe Amini, California Department of Transportation Harry Capers, Arora and Associates, P.C. The Principal Investigators and authors would like to express our special thanks to Dr. George Munfakh of PB for his continuing support, advice, and encourage
32、ment. 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii We further acknowledge the support of Gene McCormick of PB and the contributions and reviews from Sunghoon Choi, Joe OCarroll, Doug Anderson, Kyl
33、e Ott, Frank Pepe, and Bill Hansmire of PB; Dr. Andrzej Nowak of University of Nebraska; and Tony Ricci and Nabil Hourani of the Massachusetts Highway Department. Chapter 8 is an update of Chapter 8, “Tunneling in Difficult Ground,” of the Tunnel Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, by Terrence G.
34、McCusker (Bickel, et al., 1996). The Principal Investigators appreciate PBs providing the original manuscript for the chapter. In addition, we appreciate the information provided by Herrenknecht AG, the Robbins Company, and several other manufacturers and contractors from the tunneling industry. Las
35、tly, the Principal Investigators and authors would like to extend our gratitude to the support provided by a number of professionals from PB and Gall Zeidler Consultants, LLC including Taehyun Moon, Kevin Doherty, Mitchell Fong, Rudy Holley, Benny Louie, Tim OBrien, and Dominic Reda for their assist
36、ance; Jose Morales and Jeff Waclawski for graphic support; and finally Amy Pavlakovich, Lauren Chu, Alejandra Morales, Mary Halliburton, and Maria Roberts for their assistance and overall word processing and compiling. 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Al
37、l rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ix PREFACE The increased use of underground space for transportation systems and the incre
38、asing complexity and constraints of constructing and maintaining above ground transportation infrastructure have prompted the need to develop this technical manual. This FHWA Manual is intended to be a single-source technical manual providing guidelines for planning, design, construction, and rehabi
39、litation of road tunnels, and encompasses various types of tunnels including mined and bored tunnels (Chapters 610), cut-and-cover tunnels (Chapter 5), immersed tunnels (Chapter 11), and jacked box tunnels (Chapter 12). The scope of the Manual is primarily limited to the civil elements of design and
40、 construction of road tunnels. FHWA intended to develop a separate manual to address in details the design and construction issues of the system elements of road tunnels including fire life safety, ventilation, lighting, drainage, finishes, etc. This Manual therefore only provides limited guidance o
41、n the system elements when appropriate. Accordingly, the Manual is organized as presented below: Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter and provides a general overview of the planning process of a road tunnel project including alternative route study, tunnel type study, operation and financial plannin
42、g, and risk analysis and management. Chapter 2 provides the geometrical requirements and recommendations of new road tunnels including horizontal and vertical alignments and tunnel cross section requirements. Chapter 3 covers the geotechnical investigative techniques and parameters required for plan
43、ning, design, and construction of road tunnels. In addition to subsurface investigations, this chapter also addresses in brief information study; survey; site reconnaissance, geologic mapping, instrumentation, and other investigations made during and after construction. Chapter 4 discusses the commo
44、n types of geotechnical reports required for planning, design, and construction of road tunnels including Geotechnical Data Report (GDR), which presents all the factual geotechnical data; Geotechnical Design Memorandum (GDM), which presents interpretations of the geotechnical data and other informat
45、ion used to develop the designs; and Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR), which defines the baseline conditions on which contractors will base their bids. Chapter 5 presents the construction methodology and excavation support systems for cut-and-cover road tunnels, describes the structural design in
46、accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and discusses various other design issues. A design example is included in Appendix C. Chapters 6 through 10 present design recommendations and requirements for mined and bored road tunnels. Chapters 6 and 7 present mined/bored tunneling
47、issues in rock and soft ground, respectively. They present various excavation methods and temporary support elements and focus on the selection of temporary support of excavation and input for permanent lining design. Appendix D presents common types of rock and soft ground tunnel boring machines (T
48、BM). Chapter 8 addresses the investigation, design, construction, and instrumentation concerns and issues for mining and boring in difficult ground conditions including mixed face tunneling; high groundwater pressure and inflow; unstable ground such as running sands, sensitive clays, faults, shear z
49、ones, etc.; squeezing ground; swelling ground; and gassy ground. Chapter 9 introduces the history, principles, and recent development of mined tunneling using Sequential Excavation Method (SEM), also commonly known as the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). This chapter focuses on the analysis, design, and construction issues for SEM tunneling. Chapter 10 discusses permanent lining structural design and detailing for mined and bored tunnels based on LRFD methodology, and presents overall processes for design and construction
