1、Guide for Snow and Ice Control American Association of State Highway 1, and Transportation Officials STD-AASHTO GSIC-1-ENGL 1999 Ob3980L1 OO5b7?ib 827 M American Association of State Highway and *ansportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 (202) 624-5800 (tel)
2、 (202) 624-5806 (fax) www.aashto.org (web) STD-AASHTO GSIC-1-ENGL 1999 Ob3980V 005b7i.17 7b3 W Copyright 0 1999 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in Canada. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form witho
3、ut permission to the publishers. ISBN: 1-56051 -1 O1 -X STD-AASHTO GSIC-1-ENGL 1979 W Ob3980q 005b71r bTT Winter Maintenance Policy Coordinating Committee Chairman: PATRICK C. HUGHES, Minnesota AASHTO Representatives GARY HOFFMAN, Pennsylvania ANDY BAILEY, Virginia LELAND D. SMITHSON, Iowa CLAYTON S
4、ULLIVAN, Idaho AASHTO lead State Program (RWIS/Anti-Icing Program) RICK NELSON AASHTO State Liaison KEN KOBETSKY SICOP Coordinator RODNEY PLETAN State Maintenance Engineer Minnesota Department of Transportation 395 John Ireland Blvd M.S. 630, RM 803 St. Paul, Minnesora 551 55 (61 2) 297-3593 FHWA Re
5、presentative DON STEINKE NACE Representative DAVE GRAVENKAMP APWA Representative LARRY FREVERT Transportation Research Board WILFRID NIXON STD=AASHTO GSIC-I-ENGL 1977 = Ob398OLI O05b747 536 I EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: DAN FLOWERS, Arkansas Vice President: THOMAS R. WARNE, Utah Secretary-Treasur
6、er: CLYDE E. PYERS, Maryland Regional Representatives Region I GLENN GERSHANECK, Vermont, One-Year Term JAMES SULLIVAN, Connecticut, Two-Year Term Region II ELIZABETH S. MABRY, South Carolina, One-Year Term KAM K. MOVASSAGHI, Louisiana, Two-Year Term Region 111 GORDON PROCTOR, Ohio, One-Year Term JA
7、MES C. CODELL, III, Kentucky, Two-Year Term Region IV DWIGHT BOWER, Idaho, One-Year Term CID MORRISON, Washington, Two-Year Term Non-Voting Members immediate Past President: Vacant Executive Director: JOHN HORSLEY, Washington, D.C. V Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Summary Purpose and P
8、rinciples of a Winter Maintenance Program impact of Winter Weather Objectives of Snow and ice Control Programs innovation in the Organization Administration and Management Commun cat ions Operational Requirements and Policies for Snow and ice Control Performance Measures Factors That Influence Perfo
9、rmance Personnel Training Personnel Management Issues Scheduling and Reporting for Duty Drug and Alcohol issues Equipment Mobile Snow and ice Control Equipment Support Systems and Equipment for Snow and Ice Control Operations Special Equipment Maintenance and Fleet Management Requirements Acquiring
10、Snow and Ice Equipment Snow and Ice Control Materials Material Acquisition Storing, Handling, and Inventory Monitoring of Materials Choosing and Applying Materials for Various Storm Conditions Weather information Systems Operations Pre-Winter Preparation Storm Management Special Customer issues Post
11、-Storm Activities Total Storm Management (TSM) introduction Tools to Support TSM Strategies to Support TSM Safety and liability Safety for Road Users and Crews Liability and Risk Management Resource Materials vii 9 9 15 19 24 29 36 40 45 47 47 51 55 58 63 63 70 78 87 99 99 102 120 122 129 129 132 14
12、1 145 145 149 150 STD.AASHT0 GSIC-II-ENGL 1999 Ob37804 005b75L 17Li P vi Guide for Snow and Ice Control 1 O. Special Considerations Design for Snow and Ice Control Remedial Measures to Solve Operational Problems Associated with Snow and Ice Control Prevention and Protection Systems for Specific Haza
13、rds Environmental Considerations Appendix A: Bibliography Appendix B: Snow and Ice Control Documents Appendix C: Sample Material and Equipment Specifications 151 151 152 153 157 161 167 201 STD-AASHTO GSIC-L-ENGL 1999 W Ob39804 005b752 O20 Vii State highway maintenance officials recognize that the a
14、doption of a systematic approach to snow and ice control using available technology and research while implementing a proactive decision making process improves service and reduces costs. Snow and ice control is one of the most important functions performed by maintenance forces in many state, count
15、y, and local government highway agencies. This winter maintenance function is frequently resource intensive and often strains maintenance budgets. For some agencies, snow and ice control is the single largest line item in the highway maintenance budget Recognizing the potential savings and the oppor
16、tunity to improve winter maintenance in general, the AASHTO Board of Directors, acting on recommendations by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways and the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance, approved an administrative resolution in November 1994 establishing a winter maintenance program.
17、 One element of this program supports the establishment of a project under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) to develop a comprehensive guide for snow and ice control. As a result, a comprehensive outline of a proposed guide was developed under NCHRP Project 20-7, Task 71, “W
18、inter Maintenance Program.” In 1998, this Guide for Snow and Ice Control was developed under NCHRP Project 20-7, Task 83 based on the outline developed in the earlier project. The authors of this guide used basic snow and ice control concepts and principles as a starting point and suggested new tech
19、nologies and different and innovative procedures and practices that can help reduce costs and improve service. The guide provides a training tool to help operators, supervisors, and managers select and implement new methods or technologies to effectively and efficiently deal with snow and ice condit
20、ions and provide road users with safe conditions and timely information to make trip decisions. Figure 1. Snow blower operating in New York State. STD.AASHT0 GSIC-1-ENGL 1779 Ob37804 005b753 Tb7 vi Guide for Snow and Ice Control The guide is not intended to specify any single standard, procedure, ma
21、terial, equipment, or regulation for all programs; rather it provides guidance for organizations responsible for roadway snow and ice control programs by presenting principles and practices for various environmental and operational conditions. The guide discusses state-of-the-art technologies and pr
22、ocesses pertaining to snow and ice control for consideration and adoption by AASHTO member departments and other organizations responsible for roadway snow and ice control programs. Some of the material presented in the guide reflects the experience of the authors or are recognized practices that ar
23、e not necessarily documented in writing. Individual agencies are expected to implement practices and procedures that allow them to provide the level of service established in agency policies and guidelines. Characteristics of this Guide This guide has been developed for use by organizations responsi
24、ble for roadway snow and ice control programs, presenting principles and practices for various climatological, environmental, and operational conditions. The guide also provides concepts, processes, and references that may serve as a checklist and resource for agencies developing and refining a comp
25、rehensive snow and ice control program. The terms roadways, highways, roads, and streets are used throughout the guide with the intent that policies and procedures discussed in the guide are usually applicable to all levels of jurisdiction. The guide contains ten chapters organized in a systematic f
26、ashion to provide insight into the components of a snow and ice control operations and management. Chapter 1 discusses the purpose and principles of a winter snow and ice control maintenance program, including agency responsibilities to their customers and accountability. It provides an overview of
27、environmental considerations, describes the impact of weather on roads, and concludes with a discussion on the importance of new technology and innovation in improving snow and ice control. Chapter 2 describes the need for good communications. Communications within an agency are crucial, but are als
28、o important with the public, media, and other agencies. Chapter 2 also describes the development of policies and procedures to establish a level of service (LOS) and the means to attain that level, the importance of monitoring agency performance, and methods for assess i ng performance. Chapters 3 t
29、hrough 5 discuss the topics of labor, equipment, and material (LEM) respectively, as related to snow and ice control. Chapter 3 details the importance of good, comprehensive training STD-AASHTO GSIC-1-ENGL 1779 Ob37804 005b754 9T3 W Summary ix programs; discusses general personnel management issues,
30、 options, and concerns for establishing duty schedules; describes compensation issues for winter work forces; and includes a brief discussion of substance abuse. Chapter 4 covers equipment issues, including the types used for on-the-road operations, support systems, maintenance requirements, and equ
31、ipment acquisition. Chapter 5 describes snow and ice control material (abrasives and chem ical s) acquisition considerations, including storage, handl i ng, and inventory of such materials as well as issues associated with the use of appropriate materials for various weather and pavement conditions.
32、 Chapter 6 provides insight into the development and applications of weather information, specifically road weather information system (RWIS) information for snow and ice control. It points out that the knowledge of expected weather and pavement conditions can provide snow and ice control decision m
33、akers a tool to manage LEM more efficiently and effectively, and provide a better level of service or an established level of service at potentially reduced cost. Chapter 7 describes the conduct of snow and ice control operations, including pre-storm preparation, during-the-storm operations, and pos
34、t-storm activities. Chapter 8 continues the discussion of storm operations by presenting a concept of total storm management. Although used primarily for anti-icing, the total storm management concept can be used for all snow and ice control strategies. Chapter 9 gives insight into safety and liabil
35、ity issues that need to be considered when developing agency snow and ice control plans and procedures. Safety is discussed in terms of both road users and maintenance crews. Material is presented from a fleet safety standpoint. Liability and risk management issues are discussed, including reference
36、s to helpful materials for use in a safety program. Finally, Chapter 10 describes special topics, such as road design for maintainability and dealing with special hazards, and reiterates the need to consider environmental issues. The guide includes three appendices that provide supplemental informat
37、ion, including: * a comprehensive bibliography of publications of interest to snow and ice control professionals to help managers develop policies, guidelines, and procedural manuals; Q examples of processes and procedures that can be used by roadway maintenance agencies such as a suggested training
38、 curriculum, sample contract for snow and ice control services, sample public information release, spreader calibration procedures, vehicle maintenance checklist, and examples of STD*AASHTO GSIC-II-ENGL 1797 Ob39804 005b755 83T x Cuide for Snow and ice Control materials available from Local Technica
39、l Assistance Programs (LTAP) Centers; 3E sample material and equipment specifications that can be used by roadway maintenance agencies. In addition, a list of references used in preparing the guide is located at the end of each chapter, although readers are encouraged to continually check for new in
40、formation regarding snow and ice control management and practices. The guide is a useful resource for winter maintenance program administrators, managers, and operators, and a tool for training winter maintenance personnel. This guide is a ”work in progress” and will be revised as new technologies a
41、nd innovations become available. References Winter Maintenance Program: Plans for Snow and Ice Control Guide and Snow and Ice Pooled Fund Cooperative Program, Project No. 20-7(71), National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., June 1996. STDOAASHTO G
42、SIC-1-ENGL 1797 = Ob37804 005b75b 77b E 1 Purpose and Principles of a Winter Maintenance Program Snow and ice control is a critical part of many highway maintenance agencies, but only one element in a complete winter maintenance program. In some agencies, snow and ice control is the largest single-l
43、ine item in highway maintenance, determining budgetary allocations for the number of personnel, types of equipment, and materials to be used based upon anticipated needs for the coming year. Additional winter maintenance may also include pothole and damage repairs, drainage cleaning, debris removal,
44、 brush removal, facility inventory and condition assessments, certain types of bridge work, fabrication of units for summer work, and equipment maintenance. As a result, transportation agencies are typically responsible for: 8 creating and maintaining common transportation facilities (roadways, bicy
45、cle and pedestrian paths and sidewalks, airfields and runways); 8 resources committed and responsibilities undertaken in snow and ice control programs; *safety and well being of people using and maintaining transportation systems; % environment surrounding transportation facilities; *ensuring mobili
46、ty and connectivity, and *national defense In addition, winter weather has a direct impact upon local and national economies. A Federal Highway Administration spokesman highlighted the urgency of snow and ice control when he stated that “highways are the warehouses of industry.” Manufacturers, whole
47、salers, and retailers rely on surface transportation to deliver parts, commodities, and goods to the point of manufacture or sale when needed. Industry and commerce can grind to a halt if these STD-AASHTO GSIC-II-ENGL 1977 W Ob3780ri 005b757 b02 = 2 Guide for Snow and Ice Control “just-in-time“ deli
48、veries, a practice employed by 45 percent of industry, are delayed or cannot move. Impact of Winter Weather The economic impact of effective snow and ice control is not well documented, however, the impact of a lack of snow and ice control, as well as the activities themselves, is well understood. S
49、tudies in Sweden and the United States indicate that snow and ice control activities significantly reduce accident rates. Winter weather is also responsible for increases in travel time, fuel consumption, and insurance costs as well as decreases in mobility and throughput on the roadways, and productivity and commerce in general. Climate and Weather Climate is the weather of a locality averaged over a time period (usually thirty years) plus statistics which include extremes in weather behavior recorded during that same period or even an entire period or record. Climate can vary over sm
