1、 Standard Practice for Intelligent Compaction Technology for Embankment and Asphalt Pavement Applications AASHTO Designation: PP 81-181Tech Section: 5c, Quality Assurance and Environmental Release: Group 1 (April) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol S
2、treet N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-5c PP 81-1 AASHTO Standard Practice for Intelligent Compaction Technology for Embankment and Asphalt Pavement Applications AASHTO Designation: PP 81-181 Technical Section: 5c, Quality Assurance and Environmental Release: Group 1 (April) 1. SCOPE 1.1. T
3、his work shall consist of compaction of roadway embankment, or asphalt pavement, or both, using Intelligent Compaction (IC) rollers within the limits of the work described in the plans or provisions. 1.2. IC is defined as a process that uses rollers equipped with a measurement-documentation system t
4、hat automatically records compaction parameters (e.g., spatial location, stiffness, temperature, pass count, vibration amplitude, and frequency) in real-time during the compaction process. IC rollers equipped with accelerometers use roller vibration measurements to assess mechanistic material proper
5、ties and to ensure that optimum compaction and uniformity is achieved through continuous monitoring of operations. 1.3. The contractor shall supply sufficient numbers of rollers, and other associated equipment, necessary to complete the compaction requirements for the specific materials. 1.4. This s
6、pecification is to be applied during the contractors quality control. 1.5. All tasks are the contractors responsibility, unless designated otherwise within this provision. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standard: M 146, Terms Relating to Subgrade, SoilAggregate, and Fill Materials 2.2. Other Do
7、cuments: Christopher, B. R., C. Schwartz, and R. Boudreau. Geotechnical Aspects of Pavements: Reference Manual/Participant Workbook, FHWA-NHI Course Number 132040, Publication No. FHWA NHI-05-037, U.S. Agency of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, May 2006. Mooney, M. A., R. V. Rinehart,
8、 N. W. Facas, O. M. Musimbi, D. J. White, and Pavana K. R.Vennapusa, “Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems.” NCHRP Report 676, Project 21-09, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2010. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Dupli
9、cation is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-2 AASHTO 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. Definitions: 3.1.1. clouda Web-based user interface. 3.1.1.1. cloud storagenetwork storage (typically the Internet) where the IC data are stored in virtualized pools of storage. 3.1.1.2. cloud computingthe use of comput
10、ing resources (hardware and software) that ar e delivered as a service over a network to enable near-real-time visualization (maps) and manipulation of IC data. 3.1.2. control points (sometimes referred to as “survey marks,” “survey markers,” “monuments,” “hubs,” or “control points”)objects pl aced
11、to mark key survey points on the earths surface. These markers are used to indicate elevation and horizontal position. 3.1.3. coordinate systema system that uses one or more numbers or coordinates to uniqu ely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a manifold such as Euclide
12、an space. 3.1.3.1. geodetic coordinatesa non-earth-centric coordinate system used to describe a position in longitude, latitude, and altitude above the imaginary ellipsoid surface based on a specific geodetic datum. WGS84 and NAD83 datum are required for use with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
13、and State Plane, respectively. 3.1.3.2. state plane coordinatesa set of 126 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed f or specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. There are 110 zones in the c
14、ontinental United States, with 10 more in Alaska, 5 in Hawaii, and 1 for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The system is widely used for geographic data by state and local governments because it uses a Cartesian coordinate system to specify locations rather than a spherical coordinate system.
15、 By ignoring the curvature of the earth, “plane surveying” methods can be used, speeding up and simplifying calculations. Additionally, the system is highly accurate within each zone (error less than 1:10,000). Outside a specific state plane zone, accuracy rapidly declines, thus the system is not us
16、eful for regional or national mapping. The current state plane coordinates are based on NAD83. Issues may arise when a project crosses state plane boundaries. 3.1.3.3. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)a metric-based, geographic coordinate system that uses a 2-dimensional (2D) Cartesian coordinate
17、system to give locations on the surface of the earth. This system divides the earth between 80S and 84N latitude into 60 zones, each a six-degree band of longitude width, and uses a secant Transverse Mercator projection in each zone (the scale is reduced so that the cylinder slices through the model
18、 globe). Zone 1 covers longitude 180 to 174W; zone numbering increases eastward to zone 60 that covers longitude 174 to 180E. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-3 AASHTO Figure
19、1Image of UTM Zones in the United States 3.1.4. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)the primary time standard by which the world regulates time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is synonymous with GMT. It is based on a 24-hr time scale
20、from the mean solar time at the earths prime meridian (0 longitude) located near Greenwich, England. 3.1.5. datameasurements recorded by the instrumented roller, or information generated/processed from these measurements (e.g., GNSS coordinates, stiffness, temperature, pass count, speed, frequency,
21、amplitude). 3.1.5.1. gridded all passes dataincludes all measurement passes recorded for a given grid (see Figure 2). This data is generally used to build compaction curves for establishment of rolling patterns. Figure 2Schematic of Coverage, Gridded All Passes Data, and Gridded Final Coverage Data
22、2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-4 AASHTO 3.1.5.2. gridded datadata processed from the raw data using meshes. The raw data is duplicated over the meshes for the entire roller
23、drum width, resulting in multiple data points covering the drum width (see Figure 3). This process is used to track partial drum overlaps among passes. Figure 3Schematic of Gridded IC Data 3.1.5.3. gridded final coverage datasummarizes the final (last) measurement passes recorded for a given grid (e
24、.g., total pass count, last stiffness, last temperature see Figure 2). Grid sizes are typically at a mesh size of 1 ft (0.3 m) in the X and Y direction for post-processed data. 3.1.5.4. mesha collection of vertices connected to other vertices that defines the shape of the roller drum in 2D polygons
25、(typically multiple squares). The defined data mesh size is generally 0.3 m by 0.3 m (1 ft by 1 ft) in horizontal directions (see Figure 3). 3.1.5.5. raw datadata recorded during compaction operations prior to the gridding process. It consists of one data point for a roller drum width, recorded at a
26、pproximately 10 Hz or 0.3 m (1 ft) intervals. Therefore, the data mesh (data footprint) is about one drum width by 0.3 m (1 ft) (see Figure 4). Figure 4Schematic of Raw Data 3.1.5.6. Vetaa standardized intelligent construction data management (ICDM) software that stores, maps, and analyzes IC and as
27、sociated geospatial data (e.g., thermal profiled data, spot test data). RollerWidthRolling DirectionMeshData Point RollerWidth Data Foot PrintData Point 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.T
28、S-5c PP 81-5 AASHTO This software can perform standardized data processing, analysis, and reporting to provide project summary results quickly in the field from various IC manufacturers. In particular, the software can provide statistics, histograms, and correlations for the IC measurements (e.g., s
29、peed, temperature, pass count, intelligent compaction measurement value (ICMV); document coverage area; and evaluate the uniformity of compaction as part of the project quality control operations. (Software can be downloaded from .) 3.1.6. design filesdatabases containing the vector image data of th
30、e roadway alignment. Design files can be exported from software programs in various formats (e.g., DWG, KMZ, XML). 3.1.6.1. DGN filesare MicroStation Design Files. These files contain a database of 2D or 3D drawings containing vector image data of the alignment created with MicroStation. 3.1.6.2. DW
31、G filesare AutoCAD Drawing Database files. These files contain a database of 2D or 3D drawings containing vector image data of the alignment created with AutoCAD. 3.1.6.3. KML filesare Keyhole Markup Language files that store geographic modeling information in XML format. These files contain points,
32、 lines, polygons, and images; they are used to identify and label locations, overlay textures, and add HyperText Markup Language (HTML) content. 3.1.6.4. KMZ filesstore the alignment in a format viewable in Google Earth (a global mapping program that provides a birds eye view of locations throughout
33、 the United States and other areas of the world). KMZ files are zipped KML files which make them easier to distribute and share with multiple users. 3.1.6.5. XML filesextensible markup language data files that use tags to define objects and object attributes; they are formatted much like an HTML doc
34、ument, but use custom tags to define objects and the data within each object. These files are formatted as a text-based database and, therefore, can be edited by a basic text editor. 3.1.7. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)a satellite system that is used to pinpoint the geographic location o
35、f a users receiver anywhere in the world. Three GNSS systems are currently in operation: the United States Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federations Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), and Europes Galileo. Each of the GNSS systems employs a constellation of orbiting
36、 satellites working in conjunction with a network of ground stations. 3.1.7.1. Global Positioning System (GPS)a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellite
37、s. This system also provides the time stamp needed for IC. 3.1.7.2. GPS base stationa GPS receiver at an accurately known fixed location that is used to derive correction information for nearby portable GPS receivers. This correction data allows propagation and other effects to be corrected out of t
38、he position data obtained by the portable GPS receivers, which provides increased location precision and accuracy over the results obtained by uncorrected GPS receivers. This system consists of an antenna, radio, radio antenna, and power source. The radio and environment/physical conditions control
39、the distance that the correction signal travels. The typical range of the correction signal is about 3.2 km (2 mi) in radius without repeaters. A repeater may extend the distance an additional 3.2 km (2 mi). 3.1.7.3. Real Time Kinematic (RTK)RTK satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance th
40、e precision of the ground-based data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, Galileo). It uses measurements of the signals carrier wave and relies on a single reference station to provide real-time corrections that that can be within centimeter-level accuracy. 2018 by t
41、he American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5c PP 81-6 AASHTO 3.1.7.4. RTK networka system that uses multiple base stations to provide high-accuracy GPS positioning within a coverage area that is generall
42、y larger than that covered by a ground-based GPS Base Station. 3.1.7.5. Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver (Rover)a portable radio/receiver used to determine GPS coordinates for given point locations. 3.1.7.6. Virtual Reference Station (VRS)networks that use RTK networks to provide high-accur
43、acy, RTK Global Navigation Satellite Systems typically through the use of cellular wireless services (e.g., OminSTARTM, Trimble VRSTM, Trimble VRS NOWTM). 3.1.8. instrumented rollera self-propelled roller integrated with a navigation satellite system and onboard documentation system that can display
44、 real-time, color-coded maps of roller location, number of passes, roller speeds, and amplitude and vibration frequencies of the roller drum. Some systems are also equipped with drum vibration instrumentation, infrared temperature sensors, and/or automatic feedback control. The onboard documentation
45、 system on these rollers would also display real-time, color-coded maps of stiffness response or pavement surface temperatures, or both. 3.1.8.1. automatic feedback controlautomatically adjusts roller operating settings, such as vibration frequency and amplitude, based on real-time feedback from the
46、 drum vibration measurement system. 3.1.8.2. finishing rollerthe final roller used in the compaction process for the given layer. 3.1.8.3. instrumented roller failureoccurs when the instrumented roller system does not collect and/or store data in accordance with Section 4.3, and/or the roller become
47、s inoperable. 3.1.8.4. Intelligent Compaction (IC) rollerused synonymously with “instrumented roller.” 3.1.8.5. operating settingsroller settings (e.g., speed, direction, frequency, peak vertical force amplitude). 3.1.8.6. Intelligent Compaction Measurement Value (ICMV)the stiffness of the materials
48、 based on the response of the roller drum vibrations and underlying material responses. 3.1.9. layerthe total thickness of each material type. It may be comprised of single or multiple lifts. 3.1.9.1. basesee M 146. 3.1.9.2. embankmentsee M 146. 3.1.9.3. grading grade the surface of material immedia
49、tely beneath the base. 3.1.9.4. lifta unit of material within a layer that is placed for compaction. 3.1.9.5. subbasesee M 146. 3.1.9.6. subgradesee M 146. 3.1.9.7. top of subgradethe surface of material immediately beneath the subbase material. If there is no subbase layer, then the top of subgrade is
