1、2002 GUIDELINE for AIR-CONDITIONING L, I I Storage Deviclet I I I I I I I Temperature of coolant supplied to the Load Temperature of coolant returning from the Load Temperature of coolant entering the Cool Storage Device. Temperature of coolant leaving the Cool Storage Device. Option A, B, C: Mechan
2、ical or Absorption Refrigeration Equipment (chiller) Figure 1. Cool Storage System Section 4. Classifications 4.1 Classjcation. Thermal Storage Equipment may be broadly classified as either “Sensible“ or “Latent,“ with further delineations as shown in Table 1 and as explained in subsequent paragraph
3、s. 4.2 Sensible Thermal Storage Equipment. Sensible Thermal Storage Equipment used for cooling is equipment that typically employs water as the storage medium. During the Charge Period, warm water (or other fluid) from the storage device is chilled to the desired temperature by a water chiller and r
4、eturned to the storage vessel, thereby storing the energy as Sensible Heat. During the Discharge (cooling) Period, the chilled water is pumped from storage to the load and the resultant warm water returned to storage. Any of several methods may be used to keep the warm return water separated from th
5、e stored chilled water, including separate or compartmentalized tanks or where only one tank is employed, labyrinths, membranes or thermal stratification. 2 Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permit
6、ted without license from IHS-,-,-AR1 GUIDELINE T - 2002 Type 4.3 Charge Discharge Fluid 1 Fluid Storage Media Classification Water Or Other Fluid Sensible Water or other fluid Water or other fluid Water or other fluid Latent Ice-on-Coil (External Melt) Table 1. Classifications of Cool Storage Equipm
7、ent I I I Secondary Coolant Water Ice Refrigerant Ice or other Phase Change Material Ice-on-Coil (Internal Melt) Secondary Secondary Coolant Coolant Refrigerant Refrigerant Encapsulated Ice or Phase Change Material Secondary Secondary Coolant Coolant Water Water Ice or other Phase Change Material Ic
8、e Harvester/ Chiller Water Refrigerant Ice Ice in Secondary Coolant Ice Slurry Latent Thermal Storage Equipment. Latent Thermal cooled as the ice on the coilsplates is Secondary Secondary Coolant Coolant Storage Equipment may be further categorized as Ice-on- Coil, Encapsulated Ice or Phase Change M
9、aterial, Ice HarvestedChiller or Ice Slurry. Although these devices are referred to as “Latent“ types, some of the stored energy is in the sensible form. 4.3.1 Coil: Ice-on-Coil. There are two types of Ice-on- 4.3.1.1 External Melt. During the Charge Period, a cold Secondary Coolant or refrigerant i
10、s circulated through the coils/plates causing ice to form on the external surfaces. Much of the liquid in the tank is not frozen. During the Discharge (cooling) Period, warm return water is circulated through the tank, external to the ice, whereby it is cooled by the melting ice. 4.3.1.2 Internal Me
11、lt. During the Charge Period, a cold Secondary Coolant or refrigerant is circulated through the coils/plates causing ice to form on the external surfaces. Most of the liquid in the tank is frozen. During the Discharge (cooling) Period, a warm return Secondary Coolant is circulated through the coils/
12、plates, internal to the ice, and melted. 4.3.2 Encapsulated Ice or Phase Change Material. Thermal Storage Equipment consisting of a tank or vessel densely packed with numerous, relatively small containers in which the storage medium (water-ice or other Phase Change Material such as eutectic salt) is
13、 encapsulated. During the Charge Period, water or Secondary Coolant, at a temperature below the phase change temperature of the storage media is circulated through the tank/vessel to effect a phase change (freezing) in the storage medium. During the Discharge (cooling) Period, warm return water or S
14、econdary Coolant is circulated through the tankvessel and cooled as the encapsulated storage media changes phase (melts). 4.3.3 Ice Harvester/Chiller. Thermal Storage Equipment which employs a vertical plate, vertical tube, drum type or other evaporator in conjunction with an evaporating refrigerant
15、 to produce ice from a thin film of water flowing over the external evaporator surface. Periodically, ice is harvested by passing hot refrigerant gas through the evaporator or passing a scraper over the external surface thereby causing the ice to fall, in flakes or chunks, into a storage tank. Durin
16、g the Discharge (cooling) Period, warm return water is circulated through the storage 3 Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AR1 GUIDELINE T - 2002 tank where it
17、 is cooled by the melting ice. Some Ice Harvesters may also serve as water chillers during the cooling period by circulating the warm return water over the evaporator where it is cooled (with or without making ice) before entering the storage tank. 4.3.4 Ice Slurry. Thermal Storage Equipment wherein
18、 an ice slurry is produced and stored by circulating a solution from a storage tank through an ice slurry generator. In the slurry generator, an evaporating refrigerant cools the solution, producing discrete ice crystals within the solution, which are returned to and retained within the storage tank
19、. During the Discharge (cooling) Period, warm return Secondary Coolant is circulated through the storage tank (directly or via the Ice Slurry generator which may at that time be operating as either an ice maker or a chiller) where it is cooled by the melting ice crystals. Section 5. Minimum Informat
20、ion Recommendations 5.1 User-Specijed Application Recommendations When specifying the application requirements for cool storage equipment, the user should provide, as a minimum, the following data for a design day (or design week, or other design period): a. - b. C. d. e. f. g. 4 Thermal Storage Sys
21、tem Load, tons kW, for each hour of the design day (referred to as “the Load“ throughout this guideline) Usage of the Thermal Storage Equipment being used during this hour (charge, partial cooling or off) for each hour of the design day Design Heat Sink Rejection Temperature, OF “CI, (information fo
22、r each hour of the design day is preferred, but not required) Supply temperature to the Load, TI, “F“C, during the hour of maximum load (information for each hour of the day is preferred, but not required) (Figure 1) Return temperature from the Load, Tz. “F“C, during the hour of maximum load (inform
23、ation for each hour of the day is preferred, but not required) (Figure 1) Flow rate to the Load, gpm Us, during the hour of maximum load Maximum time, h SI, and minimum temperature, “F OC 1, available to charge from fully discharged condition h. Identi the fluid that is flowing to the Load and the f
24、luid flowing to the storage tanks (e.g., water, 25% ethylene glycol/75% water, etc.) A sample format and example of the user-specified data are provided as Appendices C and D, respectively. 5.2 Supplier-Specified Thermal Performance Data. When specifying the thermal performance of cool storage equip
25、ment, the supplier should provide, as a minimum, the following data on an hourly basis fora design day (or design week, or other design period): a. b. C. d. e. f. g. h. 1. j. k. 1. Thermal Storage System Load, tons kW Load on Refrigeration Equipment, tons kW Thermal Storage Device Charge or Discharg
26、e Rate, tons kW Parasitic and accessory heat load (e.g., air compressor, dedicated recirculation pump, etc.) in tons kW into the storage device Ambient Heat Load into the storage device in tons kW based on defined values for: 1. Ambient Air dry-bulb temperature, “F“C 2. Ambient solar conditions (e.g
27、., shaded, full sun, etc.) Net Storage Inventory, in the storage device, ton- hour kW.h Saturated suction temperature and refrigeration load or other design parameters for the refrigeration plant, when this equipment is to be supplied by other than the thermal storage supplier Temperature of supply
28、and return Fluid to the Load, TI and T2, “F “CI Flow rate of Fluid to the Load, gpm Us Temperatures of Fluid entering and leaving the Thermal Storage Device, T3 and T4 (Figure i), and any other heat exchanger(s) included in the venders scope of supply, “F “CI Flow rate of Fluid through the Thermal S
29、torage Device and any heat exchanger) included in the suppliers scope of supply, gpm Us Pressure drop across the Thermal Storage Device and any heat exchanger(s) included in the suppliers scope of supply, psi Wal Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license wi
30、th ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-m. Energy input to thermal storage refrigeration equipment included in the suppliers scope of supply, kWh kWh (for electric chiller) or kBtu , kWh (for gas-fired chiller) n. Total heat rejection, Btu kW and cond
31、ensing temperature for the refngeration system if within the suppliers scope of supply. If the heat rejection device is included in the suppliers scope of supply, the temperature, OF “CI (and flow rate, gpm L/s, if applicable) of the heat rejection sink, OF OC - e.g. condenser water supply temperatu
32、re and .flow rate for water cooled condensers, entering dry-bulb temperature for air-cooled condensers, entering wet-bulb temperature for evaporative condensers, etc. o. Energy input to essential storage device parasitics and accessories, i.e. air compressors or air pumps, kWh Note: It is intended t
33、hat hour-by-hour changes in Net Storage Inventory track the hour-by-hour effects of Charge Rate, Discharge Rate, parasitic load and Ambient Heat Load. As such, the data should represent a theoretically endlessly repeatable cycle for back-to-back design days, weeks, or whatever basis is chosen for th
34、e cycle. Additional minimum data to be supplied by the supplier includes: a. Listing of all equipment included in the scope of supply b. Net Usable Storage Capacity, ton-hour kW.h for the Thermal Storage Device(s) c. Time, ,h SI, required to charge from the fully discharged state d. Time, h SI, requ
35、ired to recharge after discharge on design day (for purposes of this guideline, the design day is to be considered to be the peak day unless otherwise specified by the design engineer) e. Identification of the Charge and Discharge Fluids, including the physical properties if these are not readily av
36、ailable from conventional sources Also, note that for ice slurry systems it may be necessary to define the Secondary Coolant concentration at a defined point of time within the operating cycle. A sample format and example of the supplier-specified data are provided as Appendices E and F respectively
37、. 5 Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AR1 GUIDELINE T - 2002 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES - NORMATIVE None. APPENDIX B. REFERENCES - INFORMATIVE B1 Listed here are
38、standards, handbooks, and other publications which may provide useful information and background but are not considered essential. B1.l ARI Standard 900-98, Thermal Storage Equipment used for Cooling, 1998, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4100 N. Fairfax Drive, Ste. 200, Arlington, VA
39、22203, U.S.A. B1.2 ASHRAE Design Guide for Cool Thermal Storage, 1993, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. B1.3 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications, Chapter 33, “Thermal Storage“, 1999, American Society
40、 of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- conditioning Engineers, Inc., 179 1 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. B1.4 ASHRAE Practical Guide to Cool Storage Projects, 1995, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., 179 1 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA
41、 30329, U.S.A. B1.5 ASHRAE Standard 150-2001, Method of Testing the Performance of Cool Storage Systems, 2001, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. B1.6 ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Co
42、nditioning, Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-n 10 Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for Resale
43、No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ml W I I- w n G: - W i= a E U O u, 2 a I- M I a n eo Y* i I rc e e W 4 3 v) W ml - e E a v) li X O 2 W e e a 03 03 O W O rg e I d YC c d Z? I P O o m 11 Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-L 12 Copyright Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Provided by IHS under license with ARINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
