1、Safe Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum and Petrochemical IndustriesAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2217A FIFTH EDITION, JULY 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulati
2、ons should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liabi
3、lity or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.Us
4、ers of this standard should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or supplier
5、s to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to parti
6、cular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety datasheet.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ. Users are solely responsible for
7、assessing their specific equipment and premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the standard. At all times users should employ sound business, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this standard.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort h
8、as been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting f
9、rom its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for apply
10、ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marki
11、ng requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced
12、, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2017 American
13、 Petroleum InstituteForewordBecause inert gas blanketing provides protection while introducing significant associated hazards, many facilities operate on the principle, “If inert entry is not necessary, use another method.” Where inert entry is conducted, this standard provides guidance to aid emplo
14、yers in preparing specific procedures for entering and working safely in inert confined spaces. API 2217A is intended to present good practices required by experienced owners and practiced by specialist service contractors. This standard recognizes that because of its unique nature, the hazards and
15、requirements for inert entry are generally greater than for “normal” permit-required confined space (PRCS) entry. The emphasis is on safe entry work practices and equipment (such as multiple source respiratory protection) which are not necessarily addressed in confined space entry regulations. NOTE
16、API 2217A is not a compliance document although a number of regulatory requirements are incorporated by reference. In the United States, OSHA regulations are available directly from the internet at www.osha.gov. Facilities outside the United States should review relevant legal requirements in their
17、jurisdiction.In May 1971, API published Petroleum Safety Datasheet (PSD) 2211, Precautions While Working in Reactors Having an Inert Atmosphere. In 1987, API Publication 2217A, Guidelines for Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum Industry, expanded on the 1971 safety datasheet. A Second Edi
18、tion appeared in September 1997. The Third Edition, API Standard 2217A, Guidelines for Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries, updated prior guidance based on both experience and regulations. That revision included input from both owners and inert entry contract
19、service providers. This Fifth Edition carries forward content from the Fourth Edition, with increased emphasis on safety for nonentrants, inert gas warning properties, and updated references. The essential elements of this publication are based on current industry safe operating practices, consensus
20、 standards and regulations. Federal, state, and local regulations or laws may contain additional requirements that must be taken into account.Several sections of API 2217A refer to the insidious nature of inert gas atmospheres. Oxygen-deficient inert atmosphere gases provide no warning of their dead
21、ly nature. Those supervising inert entry are charged with providing hazard information and appropriate warning to those working within and near the inert “hot zone.” Special care must be taken to prevent unplanned inert entry and unplanned rescue attempts. Nothing contained in any API publication is
22、 to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters pa
23、tent.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this document are as follows.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in o
24、rder to conform to the standard.May: As used in a standard, “may” denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a standard.Can: As used in a standard, “can” denotes a statement of possibility or capability.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appr
25、opriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in wr
26、iting to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, re
27、affirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the iiiAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually
28、by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.ContentsPage1 Scope and Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Special Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 CLSM 1 Management Systems and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Owner/Operator Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Entrant Employ
33、er (Contractor) Job Position Responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 Approval of the Specific Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 CLSM 2 Air Quality .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.1 Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . 95.2 Breathing Air Supplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.3 Breathing Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.4 Breathing Air Supply Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.5 Breathing Air Supply Individual Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 CLSM 3 Design and Operation of Breathing Air Supply System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.1 Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.2 Breathing Air Supply System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.3 Pre-entry Checks of Inert Confined Space Equipment Critical Components . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 CLSM 4 Control of the SpaceEntry Conditions and Ongoing Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.1 Control of Work Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . 127.2 Maintaining an Inert Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.3 Catalyst Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 CLSM 5 Response to Emergency Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.1 Emergency Condition Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . 158.2 Pre-planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Annex AOther Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23FiguresA.1 Depiction of Flammable Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19TablesA.1 Hazard Scenarios and Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17A.2 Flammable Range and Limiting Oxygen Concentrations
45、 for Example Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19vIntroductionWork in an inert confined space presents many unique hazards that may not be encountered in a typical confined space entry. The performance of such work is typically conducted by and the special precautions and equipment necess
46、ary are obtained by using specialized contractors qualified and knowledgeable in the requirements for inert confined space entry and work. Inert confined space entries do not occur frequently at individual refining and petrochemical facilities and the decision to perform this work activity must be c
47、arefully planned, programmed, reviewed, and approved by the facility/location management before such work takes place.vi1Safe Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries1 Scope and Special Considerations1.1 ScopeThis Recommended Practice provides guidance for safely e
48、ntering and working within and near confined spaces that have inert atmospheres. API 2217A applies to confined spaces that have been intentionally purged with an inert gas until: the oxygen level in the vapor space is too low to support combustion, and any gases in or at the point of discharge from
49、the confined space are deficient in oxygen such that the mixture is not flammable.Typical inert entry work in the petroleum and petrochemical industry includes, but is not limited to work to service or replace catalyst in reactors and work in confined spaces where the flammable or toxic atmosphere cannot be removed or made safe by another method (such as atmospheric ventilation). 1.2 Special ConsiderationsFor conformance with this Recommended Practice, the target set for initiation of inert entry is no more than 50 % of minimum oxygen level (O2) for combustion with a maximum total of
