1、Nondestructive Examination Services for Equipment Used in the Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustryAPI STANDARD 20DFIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2013Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and reg
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5、claims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices.
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9、220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2013 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. N
10、either should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recom
11、mendation or that which is advised but not required in orderto conform to the specification.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning th
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15、220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normati
17、ve References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . 34 Responsibilities and Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Personnel Qualification Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . 56 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 NDE Equipment and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Quality Control Records Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 Records Retention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 NDE Processes,
23、 Equipment, and Qualification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.2 Magneti
24、c Particle Examination (MT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.4
25、 Ultrasonic Examination (UT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149.5 Radiographic Examination (RT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . 19Tables1 Required Verification Intervals for Magnetic Particle Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Required Calibration Intervals for Magnetic Particle Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Requirements of a
27、Magnetic Particle Examination Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Required Calibration and Verification for Liquid Penetrant Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Requirements of a Liquid Penetrant Examination Procedure . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Required Performance Tests and Frequency for Liquid Penetrant Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Calibration and Verification Requirements for Ultrasonic Examination Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. 148 Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Calibration and Verification Requirements for Radiographic Examination Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810 Process Control Checks for Radiographic Examin
30、ations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20v1 Nondestructive Examination Services for Equipment Used in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry 1 Scope 1.1 Purpose This standard specifies requirements for the design, development, and qualification of nondestr
31、uctive examination (NDE) methods used in the manufacturer of equipment for the petroleum and natural gas industries. 1.2 Applicability This is applicable to suppliers providing NDE services for equipment used in the oil and natural gas industries. The requirements of this standard apply to magnetic
32、particle, liquid penetrant, radiography, and ultrasonic methods of NDE. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
33、 document (including any amendments) applies. API Specification Q1, Specification for Quality Management System Requirements for Manufacturing Organizations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry API Specification Q2, Specification for Quality Management System Requirements for Service Supply Or
34、ganizations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) 1, Section V: Nondestructive Examination ASNT SNT-TC-1A 2, Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing ASTM E428 3, Standard Practice for Fabrication
35、and Control of Metal, Other Than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing ASTM E1114, Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources ASTM E1165, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
36、 ASTM E1316, Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 1ASME International, 3 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016-5990, www.asme.org. 2American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228, www.asnt.org. 3ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
37、or Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428, www.astm.org. 2 API STANDARD 20D ASTM E1417, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing EN 473 4, Non-destructive testingQualification and certification of NDT PersonnelGeneral Principles EN 12679, Non-destructive testingDetermination of the size
38、of industrial radiographic sourcesRadiographic method ISO 9712 5, Non-destructive testingQualification and certification of NDT personnel 3 Terms and Definitions For purposes of this standard, the following terms, definitions, and acronyms apply. Definitions relating to NDE, which appear in ASTM E13
39、16, shall apply to the terms used in this standard. 3.1 acceptance criteria Defined limits placed on characteristics of materials, processes, products, or services. 3.2 calibration Comparison and adjustments to a standard of known accuracy. 3.3 check A process performed to maintain confidence in the
40、 calibration status of reference, primary, transfer, or working standards and reference materials, carried out according to defined procedures and schedules. 3.4 fluorescent method magnetic particle inspection The inspection process employing magnetic materials that have been coated with a material
41、that fluoresces when activated by light of suitable wavelength. 3.5 immersion method ultrasonic examination The examination method in which the search unit and the test part are submerged in a fluid, usually water, which acts as the coupling medium. 3.6 linear indication An indication whose length i
42、s equal to or greater than three times its width. 3.7 liquid penetrant examination PT A NDE method for detecting surface-breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw. 4European Committee for Standardization, Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, www.cen.eu. 5Interna
43、tional Organization for Standardization, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, www.iso.org. NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SERVICES FOR EQUIPMENT USED IN THE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY 3 3.8 magnetic particle examination MT A NDE method for detecting disconti
44、nuities on or near the surface in suitably magnetized materials, which employs finely divided magnetic particles that tend to congregate in regions of the magnetic nonuniformity (i.e. along cracks, over inclusions, voids, etc.). 3.9 nondestructive examination NDE A method used to check the soundness
45、 of a material or a part without impairing or destroying the serviceability of the part. 3.10 procedure qualification The process whereby a written NDE procedure is qualified in accordance with the requirements of this standard. 3.11 radiographic quality level An expression of the quality of a radio
46、graph in terms of an image quality indicator (penetrameter). 3.12 radiographic recording media When used in this standard, recording media may be radiographic film or digital technology. 3.13 radiography RT A NDE method wherein a source of X-rays or gamma rays is utilized to indicate the subsurface
47、condition of opaque materials. 3.14 rounded indication An indication that is circular or elliptical with its length less than three times its width. 3.15 shear wave ultrasonic examination A type of wave in which the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. 3.16 straight beam
48、 ultrasonic examination A vibrating pulse wave train traveling normal to the scan surface. 3.17 traceability The ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of documented recorded identification. 3.18 ultrasonic examination UT A NDE method of testing materials by tran
49、smitting high frequency sound waves through them. 4 API STANDARD 20D 3.19 verification The adjustment of an NDE instrument using an appropriate reference standard to obtain or establish a known and reproducible response. This is usually done prior to an examination but can be carried out anytime there is concern about the examination or instrument response. 3.20 visible method magnetic particle examination Magnetic particle inspection in which the particles are applied in a form where particles are visible in ambient light. 3.21 wet method magnetic particle examination The magnetic p
