1、Flare Details for General Refinery and Petrochemical ServiceANSI/API STANDARD 537 SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 2008ISO 25457:2008 (Identical), Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industriesFlare details for general refinery and petrochemical serviceSpecial NotesAPI publications necessarily address
2、problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied,
3、 with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consu
4、ltants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the In
5、stitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.AP
6、I publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and
7、publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that
8、 standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, reco
9、rding, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2008 American Petroleum InstituteAPI ForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any rig
10、ht, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “
11、shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensur
12、e appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed
13、 in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and r
14、evised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published an
15、nually by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative refe
16、rences 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Design . 8 4.1 Introduction 8 4.2 System design . 10 4.3 Process definition 10 4.4 Types of flares . 11 4.5 Flare burners 13 4.6 Mechanical design . 13 4.7 Pilots . 14 4.8 Pilot-ignition systems . 16 4.9 Pilot-flame detection . 16 4.10 Piping 17 4.11 Auxiliary
17、components . 17 5 Mechanical details Elevated flares 18 5.1 Mechanical design Design loads. 18 5.2 Design details 21 5.3 Materials of construction 22 5.4 Welding . 22 5.5 Inspection . 23 5.6 Surface preparation and protection. 23 5.7 Attachments . 23 5.8 Aircraft warning lighting . 24 5.9 Platforms
18、and ladders . 24 6 Mechanical details Enclosed-flame flare 25 6.1 Combustion chamber 25 6.2 Burners . 25 6.3 Burner piping . 26 6.4 Pilots . 26 6.5 Wind fence 27 6.6 Radiation shielding . 27 Annex A (informative) Flare equipment overview 28 A.1 Types of flares and components . 28 A.2 Flare burner 42
19、 A.3 Pilots . 53 A.4 Ignition equipment. 58 A.5 Flame-detection equipment 68 A.6 Verification test 72 A.7 Purge-gas conservation seals 73 A.8 Knockout drums and liquid seals 75 A.9 Blowers and drivers 76 A.10 Blower staging and control equipment . 80 A.11 Pressure-staging equipment 84 A.12 Flow and
20、pressure sensing equipment . 88 Annex B (informative) Components of multi-burner staged flare equipment. 90 B.1 Burners . 90 iv B.2 Pilots 91 B.3 Ignition equipment 91 B.4 Flame-detection equipment . 91 B.5 Buoyancy and velocity seals . 91 B.6 Manifolds . 92 B.7 Operations . 92 B.8 Maintenance 92 B.
21、9 Troubleshooting 92 Annex C (informative) Enclosed-flame flares 93 C.1 Purpose 93 C.2 General description 93 C.3 Operating considerations for enclosed-flame flares 100 C.4 Maintenance 104 C.5 Troubleshooting 105 Annex D (informative) Instructions for flare data sheets . 106 D.1 Introduction . 106 D
22、.2 General information forms Instructions 108 D.3 Elevated-flare forms Instructions . 114 D.4 Enclosed-flare forms Instructions 116 Annex E (informative) Flare data sheets 118 E.1 SI units . 118 E.2 USC units . 136 Bibliography . 154 v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization
23、) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be repr
24、esented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards ar
25、e drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Internation
26、al Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 25457 was pre
27、pared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 6, Processing equipment and systems. vi Introduction Users of this International Standard should be aware that further or differing requiremen
28、ts may be needed for individual applications. This International Standard is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This may be particularly applicable where there is innovative o
29、r developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details. In International Standards, the SI system of units is used. Where practical in this International Standard, US Customary units are included in bra
30、ckets for information. A bullet () at the beginning of a clause or subclause indicates that either a decision is required or further information is to be provided by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on data sheets (see examples in Annex E) or stated in the enquiry or purchase orde
31、r. API Standard 537 / ISO 25457 1 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries Flare details for general refinery and petrochemical service 1 Scope This International Standard specifies requirements and provides guidance for the selection, design, specification, operation and maintenance of f
32、lares and related combustion and mechanical components used in pressure-relieving and vapour-depressurizing systems for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. Although this International Standard is primarily intended for new flares and related equipment, it is also possible to use it
33、to evaluate existing flare facilities. Annexes A, B and C provide further guidance and best practices for the selection, specification and mechanical details for flares and on the design, operation and maintenance of flare combustion and related equipment. Annex D explains how to use the data sheets
34、 provided in Annex E; it is intended that these data sheets be used to communicate and record design information. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated refere
35、nces, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles Specifications and test methods ISO 2408:2004, Steel wire ropes for general purposes Minimum requirements ISO 8501-1:2007, Preparation o
36、f steel substrates before application of paints and related products Visual assessment of surface cleanliness Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings ISO 10684, Fasteners Hot dip galvanized coatings IS
37、O 13705:2006, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries Fired heaters for general refinery service ISO 15156 (all parts), Petroleum and natural gas industries Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production ISO 23251, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas indu
38、stries Pressure-relieving and depressuring systems EN 1092-1:2007, Flanges and their joints Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated Part 1: Steel flanges 2 FLARE DETAILS FOR GENERAL REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL SERVICE EN 10264-2:20021), Steel wire and wire products
39、 Steel wire for ropes Part 2: Cold drawn non alloy steel wire for ropes for general applications EN 12385-10, Steel wire ropes Safety Part 10: Spiral ropes for general structural applications API RP 2A WSD:2000 2 ), Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platfor
40、ms Working Stress Design ASME B16.5-20033), Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME STS-1, Steel Stacks ASTM A 123/A123M4), Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products ASTM A 143/A143M, Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Ga
41、lvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement ASTM A 153/A153M, Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware ASTM A 384/A384M, Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assembli
42、es ASTM A 385, Standard Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip) ASTM A 475-03, Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Wire Strand ASTM A 586-04, Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Parallel and Helical Steel Wire Structural Strand ASTM B 633, Standard Specification for E
43、lectrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel NACE MR0103:07 5 ), Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments SSPC SP 6/NACE No. 36), Joint Surface Preparation Standard: Commercial Blast Cleaning 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this do
44、cument, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 air seal purge reduction device device used to minimize or eliminate the intrusion of air back into the riser from the exit EXAMPLE Buoyancy seal, orifice seal, velocity seal. 1) Comit Europen de Normalisation, 36, rue de Stassart, B-1050 Brusse
45、ls, Belgium. 2) American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, USA. 3) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA. 4) American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA. 5) NACE In
46、ternational, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340, USA. 6) The Society for Protective Coatings, 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4643, USA. API STANDARD 537 / ISO 25457 3 3.2 assist gas fuel gas that is added to relief gas prior to the flare burner or at the point of combustion in
47、order to raise the heating value NOTE In some designs, the assist gas can increase turbulence for improved combustion. 3.3 back blowing procedure by which the dry air seal drain line is blown back from the base of the drain into the buoyancy seal to ensure the line is clear 3.4 blowoff loss of a sta
48、ble flame where the flame is lifted above the burner, which occurs when the fuel velocity exceeds the flame velocity 3.5 buoyancy seal diffusion seal dry vapour seal that minimizes the required purge gas needed to protect from air infiltration NOTE The buoyancy seal functions by trapping a volume of
49、 light gas in an internal inverted compartment that prevents air from displacing buoyant light gas in the flare. 3.6 burnback internal burning within the burner NOTE Burnback can result from air backing down the flare burner at purge or low flaring rates. 3.7 burn-pit flare open excavation, normally equipped with a horizontal flare burner that can handle liquid as well as gaseous hydrocarbons 3.8 burning velocity flame velocity speed at which a flame front travels into an unburned combustible mixture 3.9 coanda flare flare burner that is des
