1、WIRELINE OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES THIRD EDITION BOOK 5 OF THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING SERIES EXPLORATION however, these are also easily transport- able by truck to remote locations. Since early days when the operator used a small hand crank and spool containing a short length of solid wire, many mecha-
2、 nisms have been developed for supplying the power source to turn the wireline spool. When the solid wireline proved a prac- tical means of depth determination, and the need for greater depth runs developed, the power source also changed. Many new methods of rotating the reel came into use, such as:
3、 gaso- line engines equipped with speed-reduction devices; diesel engines; electric motors; and hydraulic pumps and motors. Due to fire hazard on offshore locations, a number of op- erators have restricted the use of sparking power sources and actuating devices. Diesel wireline units operating on th
4、e Outer Continental Shelf are required to be equipped with spark ar- restor mufflers and shut down devices on the air intakes. Transporting the wireline and associated equipment to a lo- cation is obviously a necessary part of the job. Surface equip- ment to be used at the wellsite is likewise an ob
5、vious necessity. The surface equipment required to perform wireline opera- tions depends largely on the well pressure and tubing size. Figure 1-1 shows the standard components used in a normal wireline operation on a well with less than 5000 psi surface pressure and 2% inch ID tubing. The surface eq
6、uipment list corresponds to the item numbers in Fig. 1-1.“ *A certain amount of flexibility must be considered when rigging up the surface equipment. The components are named and numbered only for identification by the reader as they are discussed in this chapter. 2 Wireline Operations and Procedure
7、s WIRELINE l. Wireline 2. Measuring Device 3. Weight Indicator 4. Reel System(s) 5. Floor Blocks and Pulleys 6. Stuffing Box and Blowout Preventer or Back Pressure Valve. 7. Lubricators 8. Quick Unions 9. Blowout Preventer) Wireline Valve 10. Gin Pole and Mast 11. Bleeder Valve Fig. 1-1 - Wireline s
8、uace equipment (Example of an arrangement) The earliest wireline used in measuring well depth was a flat steel tape with marked or stamped figures indicating foot- age, similar to a surveyors tape. As well depths increased, tape of sufficient length became difficult to obtain. Correct depth readings
9、 were also a problem - stretching of the cali- brated tape under load caused inaccurate measurement. When the flat tape was lowered into a well under pressure, the stuff- ing box and pack-off added to the problems. These disadvan- tages brought about the adoption of the solid wireline for depth meas
10、urements and pack-off control. The line was tagged at equal increments of length and the operator kept a record of the amount of line reeled in and out. Later, measuring devices with calibrated wheels came into use because they were more convenient and provided accurate measurements. The mea- suring
11、 device is discussed in detail later in this chapter. Solid Wireline Deeper wells and heavier loads imposed on the measuring lines necessitated development of high-strength steel wireline to minimize weight of the wire and size of the hoisting equip- ment. A small-diameter wire was developed with th
12、e follow- ing results: 1. Reduces the load due to its own weight. 2. May be lowered over a small-diameter sheave. TABLE NO. 1 (Solid Wireline) WELL-MEASURING WIRE SPECIFICATIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nominal Diameter in. 0.066 0.072 0.082 0.092 0.105 O. 108 mm 1.68 1.83 2.08 2.34 2.67 2.74 Tolerance on diam
13、eter in. - +0.001 - +0.001 kO.001 kO.001 kO.001 - +0.001 mm - +0.03 - +0.03 k0.03 k0.03 k0.03 +0.03 Breaking strength Minimum lb . 8 11 961 1239 1547 1996 2109 kN 3.61 4.27 5.51 6.88 8.74 9.38 Maximum lb 984 1166 1504 1877 242 1 2560 kN 4.38 5.19 6.69 8.35 10.77 11.38 - Elongation in 10 in. (254 mm)
14、, per cent Minimum . 1 Il2 1% 1 I2 1 112 1112 1 12 Torsions, minimum number of twists in 8 in. (203 mm) . 32 29 26 23 20 19 *For well-measuring wire of other materials or coatings, refer to supplier for physical properties, Surface Equipment 3 3. May be wound on a small-diameter spool or reel withou
15、t over-stressing by bending, keeping the size of the reel drum to a minimum. 4. Provides a small cross-sectional area for operation un- der pressure. The most common diameter sizes of solid measuring line currently in use are: 0.066,0.072,0.082,0.092 and 0.105 inch. Larger diameter line, 0.108 and 0
16、.125 inch, are being used to some degree in wells with tubing strings larger than 2% inch ID. Measuring lines are available from the mills in one piece in standard lengths of 10,000, 12,000,15,000, 18,000,20,000 and 25,000 feet. The most popular material, because of its high ultimate tensile strengt
17、h, good ductility and relatively low cost, is improved plow steel. Cold-drawn improvedplow-steel measuring line has an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 230,000 to 240,000 psi. API Specification 9A, Specification for Wire Rope“ contains a section on well-measuring wire specifications. Table
18、 No. 1 contains requirements from API Spec 9A as well as information developed for this manual. No wireline manual would be complete without mentioning Hydrogen Sulfide (HzS) sometimes referred to as “sour gas“, and Carbon Dioxide (COZ). Many wells drilled in the past few years have been deeper comp
19、letions in sour gas reservoirs. Severe corrosion, excessive temperatures and pressures -plus depth - have introduced many wireline problems that were unknown a few years ago. When corrosive components are encountered in a well, cold-drawn improved plow-steel lines may be affected by hydrogen embritt
20、lement resulting in re- duced service life. For service in hydrogen sulfide atmospheres, Type 316 stainless steel is recommended because of its resis- tance to hydrogen embrittlement. The ultimate strength of stain- less steel measuring line is lower than that of improved plow- steel, its cost is ap
21、preciably greater, and it is less ductile. It is more susceptible to cold working which results in brittleness and reduction of service life. There are several methods which can be used in wireline operations to reduce or eliminate poten- tial problems where corrosive environment is present. These m
22、ethods are discussed in Chapter 4 - Wireline Operations. Stranded Line Stranded line is commonly used to replace solid line when line size is larger than 0.105-inch and added strength is re- quired. This line is available in the following sizes: % inch (0.125), 164 inch (0.141), %Z inch (0.156), 3/1
23、6 inch (0.187), 1/4 inch (0.250), and 5/16 inch (0.3 12). Wireline Handling In order to realize good service and maximum life from wireline, it is necessary to take certain precautions in its han- dling and usage. Figure 1-2 shows the right and wrong prac- tices when transferring or rewinding wireli
24、ne. 1. Properly transferring the measuring line from the ship- 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ping spool to the reel is very important for extending the performance and service life of the line. Fig. 1-2(A) shows a recommended setup for rewinding so that the curvature of the line is not reversed. Fig. 1-2(B) shows
25、an improper setup. Improper winding causes reverse bending of the line, making the line more difficult to handle, and caus- ing it to kink and tangle. Fig. 1-2(B) shows a less desir- able arrangement than Fig. 1-2(A) because it induces a partial reversal in the line, but does not affect the line as
26、severely as the method shown in Fig. 1-2(C). Exercise caution in using this method, as there is a greater ten- dency for the line to cut into the wooden flanges of the spool, if it becomes misaligned. Line tension is increased by frictional drag of the spool on the ground. Best results are obtained
27、when both spool and reel are mounted on horizontal shafts and spaced far enough apart to make level winding easier and reduce undercutting. Avoid gripping the line with tools, such as pliers or hard- ened jaws. Nicking or gouging the surface of the wire can cause failure when the line is subjected t
28、o tensile and bending stresses. Uncontrolled slack and resultant kinking must be avoided. When retrieving the line from the well, clean the line of well fluids (See p. 8, Line Wipers), and give it a protec- tive coat of oil as it is reeled onto the drum. Do not pull a line beyond its elastic limit.
29、Before beginning a job or at frequent intervals during extended work periods, cut 15 to 20 feet of line off the spool and tie another knot. There are times when a line may need changing because of 4 Wireline Operations and Procedures continuous use, damage, or lack of care. Some ways of detect- 2. i
30、ng a bad line are: 1. When a line is laid out on the ground and does not form a coil or loop as on the drum. This indicates the line has 3. exceeded its elastic limit and is considered a “dead” line. When tying a knot, the wireline breaks easily. Remove a few feet of line and tie a new knot. When ki
31、nks will not straighten out. This indicates the line has been subjected to extreme tensions or stress. Change the wireline. MEASURING DEVICES One of the most important pieces of wireline equipment is the measuring device, Fig. 1-3. It is a necessity on any job, whether it is simply measuring a shall
32、ow well with a lead weight on the end of the measuring line, a delicate logging survey, or the intricate setting or retrieving of a variety of special tools in the deepest known wells. In order to perform any type of wireline operation efficiently and safely, the operator must know the location of t
33、he tool with relation to the wellhead or other reference point. Knowing the location of a tool as it ap- proaches the wellhead during retrieval enables the operator to control its speed and bring it to a stop before hitting the well- head sheave or stuffing box. This will help to prevent a fishing j
34、ob or damage to the tool. A mechanical measuring device that has proven accurate, rugged and reliable with minimum maintenance is one which holds the measuring line in slip-free contact with an accurately ground, hardened measuring wheel driving a counter or odom- eter for registering the linear uni
35、ts (meters or feet) of line con- tacting the measuring wheel. The measuring device is gener- ally mounted on moveable supports to allow it freedom to move. When the measuring wheel is worn, the counter or odom- eter will give false readings and the wheel should be replaced. If not replaced, damage c
36、ould occur by the “shaving” of the wire from the grooves cut into the measuring wheel. During extended jarring operations, it is recommended the wire be temporarily removed from the assembly. This will prevent the stress associated with the repeated bendingktraightening of the wire around the measur
37、ing wheel. In addition, counter wheels are wire size specific and are not interchangable. For larger sizes of wire (.105, .lo8 and .125“) the counter wheel and stuffing box sheave diameter must be increased to prevent over-stressing the line which would-cause hardening. Care should also be taken to
38、avoid over tightening the pressure wheels, which would result in the flattening of the wire and reduced life of the line. Under tightening of the pressure wheels or worn counter wheels will give false odometer readings. WEIGHT INDICATORS In heavy-duty wireline operations when it is necessary to load
39、 the measuring line to its maximum safe load (usually in connection with mechanical or hydraulic jars), the use of some type of weight-indicating device is necessary. Various types in use are: Mechanical, Hydraulic and Electronic. A hydraulic weight indicator is shown in Fig. 1-4. These instruments
40、are calibrated in pounds (or metric equivalents), and indicate the total load on the line at the weight indicator. These indicators are either incorporated into, ordesigned as attachments, to the measuring devices. Fig. 1-3 - Measuring device Fig. 1-4 - Hydraulic weight ifzdicator - API TITLE*VT-5 9
41、4 m 0732290 0531359 650 m Surface Equipment 5 REEL SYSTEMS Wireline reels make it possible to conveniently and safely handle continuous measuring lines in performing wireline op- erations. Reels are necessary to transport the line from one wellsite to another without damage. Basically, the wireline
42、reel is a spool of sufficient size to accommodate the required length of line to perform the job. The small measuring reels do not require a power source to lower a tool into the well. The weight of the line and tools is sufficient to unwind the line from the reel. However, all present day reels hav
43、e provisions for some type of power source. On the larger reels where slow or con- stant speeds are desired, transmission or hydraulic brakes are used to lower the tool(s) into the well. Other necessary com- ponents on the reel assembly are: reel drum brake; clutch for disconnecting from the power s
44、ource; power source start-and- stop controls; and speed controls where applicable. When a wide range of operating speeds is required, multi-speed me- chanical transmissions are sometimes used. Different types of measuring-reel mountings are: 1. Skid or base-mounted - portable (Fig. 1-5) 2. Truck-mou
45、nted - truck-engine-driven (Fig. 1-6) 3. Trailer-mounted (Fig. 1-7) 4. Boat-mounted - Engine-drive (see cover picture) 5. Automatic paraffin scraper mounted on wellhead. On most current offshore wireline jobs, double drum units (two reels) are used. One is for routine wireline work, and has approxim
46、ately 20,000 feet of 0.082-inch diameter solid line. On the other reel is approximately 20,000 feet of inch stranded line which is used for heavy pulling, such as swab- bing or fishing operations. The reels and hydraulic controls are mounted on a separate skid from the power unit. Separa- tion of th
47、e two is necessary to reduce the weight and ease the transfer from a supply boat to the offshore platform with a minimum size crane. The newest type of single-reel hydraulic unit for a routine wireline operation is a compact system with the power section built on the same skid, because it is easily
48、portable it is used extensively in offshore operations. However, because of its light weight it should always be properly secured to prevent movement and possible injury. Fig. 1-5 - Skid or base-mounted (portable) measuring reel mounting API TITLE*VT-5 94 m 0732290 0533360 372 m 6 Wireline Operation
49、s and Procedures Fig. 1-6 - Truck-mounted - Truck engine driven measuring Fig. 1-7 - Trailer-mounted wireline reel reel inountng FLOOR BLOCKS OR PULLEYS When the wireline is routed from the reel to the stuffing- box sheave, conditions may require changing the direction of the line several times. Floor blocks or pulleys with sheaves, properly sized to prevent over-stress in bending, are used for this purpose. Snatch-block type pulleys are generally installed on the line to keep from having to thread the end through the pulley supports, Fig. 1-8. Note that the pul
