1、 ANSI/ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2012) Density, Specific Gravity, and Mass-Moisture Relationships of Grain for Storage American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applic
2、able to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipm
3、ent, structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory
4、only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. P
5、rospective users are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly dev
6、eloped Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require
7、ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more
8、than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE requ
9、ire that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ASAE D241.4 OCT199
10、2 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2012) Approved February 1993; reaffirmed February 2013 as an American National Standard Density, Specific Gravity, and Mass-Moisture Relationships of Grain for Storage Approved by the ASAE Comm
11、ittee on Technical Data; adopted by ASAE 1948; revised 1954, 1962; revised by the Electric Power and Processing Division Technical Committee December 1967; reconfirmed December 1972; revised December 1973; revised editorially March 1975; reconfirmed December 1978, December 1983; revised by the ASAE
12、Physical Properties of Agricultural Products Committee; approved by the ASAE Food and Process Engineering Institute Standards Committee April 1987; reconfirmed December 1991; revised October 1992; approved as an American National Standard February 1993; revised editorially February 1997; reaffirmed
13、by ASAE December 1997; reaffirmed by ANSI November 1998; revised editorially May 2000; reaffirmed by ASAE and ANSI February 2003; revised editorially, reaffirmed by ASABE and ANSI February 2008; reaffirmed by ASABE December 2012; reaffirmed by ANSI February 2013. Keywords: Grain, Physical properties
14、 (a) (b) Figure 1 (a) Relationship between cob moisture and kernel moisture for ear corn; (b) Mass of ear corn required to yield 1 bu (1 bu = 56 lb) of shelled corn containing 15.5% moisture. This is based on a dry matter mass of 47.32 lb for grain and 9.94 lb for cobs at the cob-grain moisture show
15、n (source: Iowa State, 1945). ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 Figure 2 Relation of kernel moisture content and shelling percentage to total moisture content of ear corn and to mass of ear corn required to yield 1 bu (1 bu = 56 lb) of
16、shelled corn with 15.5% moisture content (source: Schmidt, 1948). NOTE For any lot of corn the characteristic index number may be determined by measuring kernel moisture and shelling percentage. The corn characteristic index is useful when it is desirable to get successive samples for a field as the
17、 corn matures and dries. For a given lot of corn standing in the field the index remains approximately constant as the moisture content drops and other factors change. Once established for a field of corn, the index permits making estimates from measurement of kernel moisture only. Corn with a chara
18、cteristic index of 4 or 5 has well-filled ears. Corn with ears only partly filled or having extensive insect damage will have a higher index number. Figure 1 applies to corn having a characteristic of 5 to 7. ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engin
19、eers 3 Table 1 Approximate bulk density of grains and seeds Grain or seed kg/m3lb/bu*)Grain or seed kg/m3lb/bu*)Alfalfa 772 60 Peanuts, unshelled:Barley 618 48 Virginia type 219 17Beans: runners, southeastern 270 21 lima, dry 721 56 Spanish: lima, unshelled 360-412 28-32 southeastern 322 25 snap 360
20、-412 28-32 southwestern 322 25 other, dry 772 60 Perilla seed)476-515 37-40Bluegrass)180-386 14-30 Popcorn: Broomcorn seed 566-644 44-50 ear, husked 901 70)Buckwheat 618 48 shelled 721 58Canola (rapeseed)669 52 Poppy seed 592 46 Castor beans 528 41 Redtop seed,#)348-451 27-35Clover seed 772 60 Rice,
21、 rough 579 45 Corn: Rye 721 56ear, husked 901 70)Sesame 592 46 shelled 721 56 Sorgo seed 644 50 Cottonseed 412 32 Sorghum grain 721 56Cowpeas 772 60 Soybeans 772 60Flaxseed 721 56 Spelt (p. wheat) 515 40 Hempseed 566 44 Sudangrass seed 515 40Hickory nuts 644 50 Sunflower seed (non-oil) 309 24 Kapok
22、seed 451-515 35-40 Sunflower seed (oil) 412 32 Lentils 772 60 Timothy seed 579 45Millet 618-644 48-50 Velvet, beans, hulled 722 60 Mustard seed 747-772 58-60 Vetch 772 60 Oats 412 32 Walnuts, black 644 50Orchard grass seed 180 14 Wheat 772 60 *)Except where otherwise specified, source of lb/bu mass:
23、 USDA, 1990. A standard US bushel has a volume of 1.244456 ft3(or 2150.42 in.3). The bulk density in bins and other enclosures will vary with moisture and method of filling. )Bulk density of grass seeds can increase substantially as purity increases. For both bluegrass and redtop, the major contamin
24、ant is sterile flora. )Sources: Jayas, et al., 1989; Stroshine, 1988a. )The standard mass of 70 lb is usually recognized as being about 2 measured bushels of corn, husked, on the ear, because 70 lb would normally yield 1 bu, or 56 lb of shelled corn. #)Data from a commercial seed company. Range is f
25、or 96 to 98% purity (Stroshine, 1988b). ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 Table 2 Specific gravity and percentage of voids in bulk grain (source: Zink, 1935) Grain Variety Moisture constant (% wet basis) Air space or voids*)in bulk, % K
26、ernel specific gravity Barley Coast (6 rows) 10.3 57.6 1.13 Barley Hannchen 9.7 44.5 1.26Barley Synasota 9.8 45.4 1.21Barley Trebi (6 rows) 10.7 47.9 1.24 Barley White hulless 10.4 39.5 1.33Buckwheat Japanese 10.1 41.0 1.10 Canola)Tobin 6.5 38.4 1.15Canola)Westar 6.7 38.9 1.10Corn, mixed Yellow and
27、white 9.0 40.0 1.19 Corn, shelled Yellow, dent 25.0 44.0 1.27Corn, shelled Yellow, dent 15.0 40.0 1.30 Flaxseed 5.8 34.6 1.10Grain sorghum Blackhull kafir 9.9 36.8 1.26 Grain sorghum Yellow milo 9.5 37.0 1.22 Millet Siberian 9.4 36.8 1.11Oats Iowar 9.7 51.4 0.95Oats Kanota 9.4 50.9 1.06Oats Red Texa
28、s 10.3 55.5 0.99 Oats Victory 9.8 47.6 1.05Rice Honduras 11.9 50.4 1.11 Rice Wataribune 12.4 46.5 1.12Rye Common 9.7 41.2 1.23Soybeans Manchu 6.9 36.1 1.18 Soybeans Wilson 7.0 33.8 1.13Wheat, hard Turkey, winter 9.8 42.6 1.30 Wheat, hard Turkey, winter (yellow) 9.8 40.1 1.29 Wheat, soft Harvest, que
29、en 9.8 39.6 1.32 *) This is also equal to the % porosity.) Values for porosity given by Jayas, et al. 1989. Specific gravity values were calculated from their values of porosity and loose fill bulk density. ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Enginee
30、rs 5 Table 3 Approximate bulk density, D (kg/m3), of several grains as a function of the decimal wet basis moisture content, M (M = % moisture wet basis / 100). Multiple sources are provided to illustrate variations caused by different growing conditions, hybrid or variety, etc. Grain Bulk density k
31、g/m3Source Wet basis moisture of 15 to 40%: Barley D = 705.4 1142 M + 1950 M2 Brusewitz, 1975 Corn (shelled) D = 1086.3 2971 M + 4810 M2Brusewitz, 1975Oats D = 773.0 2311 M + 3630 M2Brusewitz, 1975Rye D = 974.8 2052 M + 2850 M2Brusewitz, 1975 Sorghum (grain) D = 829.1 643 M + 660 M2Brusewitz, 1975So
32、ybeans D = 734.5 219 M + 70 M2Brusewitz, 1975Wheat D = 885.3 1631 M + 2640 M2Wet basis moisture of 3 to 24% (wheat) and 10 to 5% (shelled corn): Wheat D = 774.4 703 M + 18 510 M2 148 960 M3 + 311 600 M4Nelson, 1980 Corn (shelled) D = 701.9 + 1676 M - 11 598 M2+ 18 240 M3Nelson, 1980Other sources of
33、information (tables and graphs): Canola (rapeseed) (wet basis moisture 6.5 to 14.5%) Jayas, et al., 1989 Corn (shelled) (wet basis moisture 10 to 40%) Miles, 1937 Corn (shelled) (wet basis moisture 12 to 32%) Hall, 1972 Corn (shelled) (wet basis moisture 12 to 32%) (includes effects of mechanical da
34、mage) Hall and Hill, 1974 Wheat, barley, oats (wet basis moisture 10 to 30%) Browne, 1962 Annex A (informative) Bibliography The following documents are cited as reference sources used in development of this Data: Browne, D. A. Variations of bulk density of cereals with moisture content. Journal of
35、Agricultural Engineering Research 7(4):288-290; 1962. Brusewitz, G. H. Density of rewetted high moisture grains. Transactions of the ASAE 18(5):935-938; 1975. Hall, G. E. Test-weight changes of shelled corn during drying. Transactions of the ASAE 15(2):320-323; 1972. Hall, G. E., and L. D. Hill. Tes
36、t weight adjustment based on moisture content and mechanical damage of corn kernels. Transactions of the ASAE 17(3):578-579; 1974. Iowa State. Conversion Table (revised 1945). Prepared by the Agronomy Dept., Iowa State Univ., 1945. Jayas, D. S., S. Sokhansanj, and N. D. G. White. Bulk density and po
37、rosity of canola. Transactions of the ASAE 32(1):291-294; 1989. Miles, S. R. The relation between moisture content and test weight of corn. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 19:412-418; 1937. Nelson, S. O. Moisture-dependent kernel- and bulk-density relationships for wheat and corn. Transa
38、ctions of the ASAE 23(1):139-143; 1980. Schmidt, J. L. How to reduce ear corn to bushels of shelled corn. Agricultural Engineering 29(7):294-296; 1948. Stroshine, R. L. Personal communication with Allen Earle, Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg; 1988a. Stroshine, R. L. Personal communication with John Sours, Jacklin Seed Co., Post Falls, ID; 1988b. USDA. Table of Weights and Measures. Agricultural Statistics, 1990, pp. v-vii. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990. Zink, F. J. Specific gravity and air space of grains and seeds. Agricultural Engineering 16(11):439-440; 1935.
