1、 ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Terminology for Forest Operations and Equipment American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biologica
2、l systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource
3、management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in indu
4、stry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for prot
5、ecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices a
6、nd Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and oth
7、er criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessari
8、ly unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to
9、reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Copyright American Society of Agric
10、ultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Approved October 2014 as an American National Standard Terminology for Forest Operations and Equipment Proposed by the ASABE T-12 Forest Engineering Committee. Approved as an ASABE standard October 2014; approved as an American National Stan
11、dard October 2014. Keywords: Forest Engineering, Forest Equipment, Forest Operations, Logging 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 This Standard specifies terminology for operations and equipment commonly used to establish, tend, and harvest forest stands. 1.2 The intent of this Standard is to establish uniform
12、terminology to describe forest operations and equipment in technical papers, specifications, standards, and general use. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies unless noted
13、. For undated references, the latest approved edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. 2.1 ISO 6814, Machinery for forestry Mobile and self-propelled machinery Term, definitions and classification 2.2 ISO 13860, Forwarders Terms, definitions and commercial specification
14、s 2.3 ISO 13861, Wheeled skidders Terms, definitions and commercial specifications 2.4 ISO 13862, Feller bunchers Terms, definitions and commercial specifications 2.5 ISO 17591, Knuckle boom loaders Terms, definitions and commercial specifications 2.6 ISO 11169, Wheeled machines Vocabulary, performa
15、nce test methods and criteria for brake systems 2.7 ISO 11850, General Safety Requirements (references many ISO Earthmoving, ISO tractor standards and other ISO Standards) 2.8 ISO 8082-1, Lab test and performance requirements for roll over protective structures (ROPS) 2.9 ISO 8082-2, ROPS for machin
16、es having a rotating platform with a cab and boom 2.10 ISO 8083, Falling object Protective Structures (FOPS) 2.11 ISO 8084, Operator protective structures 2.12 ISO 11512, Tracked machines Performance criteria for brake systems 2.13 ISO 11837, Chain Shot guarding systems ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Copyr
17、ight American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 2.14 ISO 11839, Glazing and panel materials used in Operator enclosures for protection against thrown sawteeth 2.15 ISO 19472, Winches Dimensions, performance and safety 2.16 SAE J1014, Classification and Nomenclature Towing Winch for
18、Skidders and Crawler Tractors 2.17 SAE J1109, Component Nomenclature Articulated Log Skidder, Rubber-Tired 2.18 SAE J1111, Component Nomenclature Skidder-Grapple 2.19 SAE J1212, Fire Prevention on Forestry Equipment 2.20 SAE J1254, Component Nomenclature Feller Buncher 2.21 SAE J1272, Felling Head T
19、erminology and Nomenclature 2.22 SAE J1353, Nomenclature Clam Bunk Skidder 2.23 SAE J1354, Nomenclature Forwarder 2.24 SAE J1824, Specification Definitions Clam Bunk Skidder 2.25 SAE J2267, Minimum Performance Criteria for Operator Front Protective Structure (OFPS) for Certain Equipment 2.26 SAE J24
20、17, Lift Capacity Calculation Method Knuckle-Boom Log Loaders and Certain Forestry Equipment 2.27 Stokes, B. J., C. Ashmore, C. L. Rawlins, and D. L. Sirois. 1989. Glossary of Terms Used in Timber Harvesting and Forest Engineering. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-73. New Orleans, LA: U. S. Department of Agricult
21、ure, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 3 Terminology for Forest Operations 3.1 Stand Establishment Operations conducted to establish a forest stand (also forestation; afforestation if trees have long been absent from the area; and reforestation if trees have recently been present o
22、n the area). 3.1.1 Slash Disposal Treating wood residues left on a site to prepare for reforesting the site or to reduce the fire and insect hazard. 3.1.1.1 clearing: Removing unwanted logging residues, trees, and other vegetative material. 3.1.1.2 grubbing: Removing stumps by severing the root syst
23、em and lifting from the ground. 3.1.1.3 uprooting: Removing trees and part of the root systems from the ground. 3.1.1.4 piling: Bulldozing, raking, or stacking slash into a pile or windrow. 3.1.1.5 burning: Reducing individual piles or windrows of slash by burning. 3.1.1.6 chopping: Reducing slash a
24、nd competing vegetation by the low-speed cutting action of a high-mass implement traveling at ground speed. ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 3.1.1.7 masticating: Reducing slash and competing vegetation by the high-speed cutting action of a
25、 powered, rotating cutterhead. 3.1.1.8 stump lowering: Reducing the height of stumps. 3.1.2 Site Preparation Operations conducted to prepare the seedbed or planting area and control competing vegetation. 3.1.2.1 scarifying: Preparing a site for regeneration by scarring the ground surface to penetrat
26、e the covering material, and expose and mix the upper soil horizons. 3.1.2.1.1 screefing: Paring off low vegetation and the duff layer to expose the soil surface. 3.1.2.1.2 scalping: Removing the A and B soil horizons, typically performed in spots. 3.1.2.1.3 ripping: Penetrating the soil to loosen a
27、nd mix the soil layers, remove stumps and boulders, and improve infiltration (also subsoiling). 3.1.2.1.4 plowing: Cutting out a continuous strip of the soil, turning over the soil removed, and depositing it on one or both sides of the furrow (also furrowing). 3.1.2.1.5 disking: A form of plowing in
28、 which furrow slices are cut and mixed. 3.1.2.1.6 trenching: A form of plowing that results in a deep slit. 3.1.2.1.7 mounding: Creating heaps of soil for planting to improve aeration and drainage, and reduce herbaceous competition. 3.1.2.1.8 bedding: A mechanical site preparation treatment that cre
29、ates a raised area (bed) to plant seedlings in areas with poor drainage. 3.1.2.2 root plowing: Severing all roots at a desired depth to control competing vegetation. 3.1.2.3 chaining: Dragging heavy chain across a site to kill unwanted vegetation and scarify the ground. 3.1.2.4 prescribed burning: C
30、ontrolled application of fire to forest fuels to reduce slash, prepare the seedbed, reduce competition, and reduce fuel buildup (also controlled burning). 3.1.3 Regeneration Renewal of forest trees by natural or artificial means (also reforestation). 3.1.3.1 planting: Putting small trees or seedling
31、s into the ground at their growing positions. 3.1.3.2 direct seeding: Scattering or sowing seed over a regeneration site by hand or by machine. 3.2 Stand Tending Cultural operations conducted in developing stands. 3.2.1 Intermediate Cutting Removing trees in a developing stand to improve growth and
32、composition. 3.2.1.1 thinning: Removing trees with the primary objective of reducing stand density and stimulating growth. ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 3.2.1.2 release cutting: Freeing stands not past the sapling stage from the competi
33、tion of undesirable vegetation. 3.2.1.2.1 cleaning: Removing overtopping undesirable vegetation that is competing with desirable trees of the same age. 3.2.1.2.2 liberation cutting: Removing overtopping undesirable vegetation that is competing with desirable trees of a younger age. 3.2.1.2.3 weeding
34、: Removing all vegetation competing with desirable trees during the seedling stage of development. 3.2.1.3 improvement cutting: Removing trees from stands past the sapling stage with the primary objective of regulating species composition and improving stand quality. 3.2.1.3.1 salvage cutting or sal
35、vage harvesting or salvaging: Removing trees that have been killed or damaged by injurious agents other than competition between trees. 3.2.1.3.2 sanitation cutting: Removing trees to reduce or prevent the spread of injury from damaging agents. 3.2.2 Pruning Removing lower branches from a developing
36、 tree to increase future yields of clear wood or minimize insect and disease problems (also brashing). 3.2.3 Spraying Applying herbicide or insecticide to trees or stands to control competing vegetation or insect populations. 3.2.4 Fertilizing Applying essential elements to forest soils or trees to
37、stimulate tree growth. 3.2.5 Mulching Applying a layer of material to the surface of the soil, primarily to protect the soil surface from rainfall and runoff, conserve moisture and reduce herbaceous competition. 3.2.6 Fire Suppression Activities connected with preventing and extinguishing fires. 3.3
38、 Stand Harvesting Removing trees from the forest for subsequent use (also logging). 3.3.1 Regeneration Cutting Removing all or part of a stand with the intent of promoting reproduction (also silvicultural system). 3.3.1.1 clearcutting: An even-age system consisting of removing the entire stand in on
39、e cutting with reproduction obtained either naturally or artificially (also clearfelling). 3.3.1.2 seed-tree cutting: An even-age system consisting of removing the mature timber in one cutting except for a small number of seed trees left singly or in small groups. ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Copyright A
40、merican Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 3.3.1.3 shelterwood cutting: An even-age system consisting of removing the mature timber in a series of cuttings over a short period to provide a seed source for renewing the stand and partial shade for the developing seedlings. 3.3.1.4 sele
41、ction cutting: An uneven-age system consisting of removing the mature timber singly or in small groups at short intervals repeated indefinitely. 3.3.1.5 coppicing: Removing all or part of a stand with regeneration occurring by vegetative means. 3.3.1.6 strip cutting: A modification of any of the reg
42、eneration cutting methods that is performed in strips. 3.3.2 Road Building Constructing roads to provide access to the stand. 3.3.2.1 clearing: Removing vegetative material from the road right-of-way as a first step in construction. 3.3.2.2 grubbing: Removing stumps from the road right-of-way. 3.3.2
43、.3 excavating: Moving soil or rock to form the road grade. 3.3.2.4 grading: Shaping and smoothing the road surface. 3.3.2.5 ditching: Forming channels to provide drainage. 3.3.3 Felling Separating a standing stem from the root system. 3.3.3.1 sawing: Felling a standing stem using a sawing action. 3.
44、3.3.2 shearing: Felling a standing stem by shearing action. 3.3.4 Processing Operations performed on trees or tree parts to change the form of the material (also conversion). 3.3.4.1 delimbing: Removing branches from trees or parts of trees (also lopping, limbing, trimming, debranching, and snedding
45、). 3.3.4.2 bucking: Cutting felled or uprooted trees or parts of trees into lengths (also slashing, crosscutting, and sectioning). 3.3.4.3 topping: Severing the top of the tree from the bole at some minimum merchantable diameter. 3.3.4.4 debarking: Removing bark from trees or parts of trees (also ba
46、rking and peeling). 3.3.4.5 chipping: Slicing trees into small pieces of specified dimensions. 3.3.4.6 chunking: Reducing the tree by controlled cutting action into pieces having relatively uniform length in the fiber direction and often representing an entire stem cross section. 3.3.4.7 hogging: Re
47、ducing wood to coarse chips by non-controlled cutting or hammering action, typically for use as fuel (also shredding). 3.3.4.8 grinding: Reducing wood to fine particles by non-controlled cutting or hammering action. 3.3.4.9 crushing: Reducing wood along the fibers by subjecting to high transverse co
48、mpressive forces. ANSI/ASABE S516 OCT2014 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 6 3.3.4.10 splitting: Dividing trees or parts of trees longitudinally into pieces. 3.3.5 Primary Transport Moving forest products from the stump area to a landing or to roadside (also extrac
49、tion). 3.3.5.1 skidding: Transporting trees or parts of trees by dragging. 3.3.5.2 forwarding: Moving trees or parts of trees by carrying them. 3.3.5.3 yarding: Moving trees or parts of trees by means of a portable, powered, cable and drum system. 3.3.5.4 hooking: Attaching trees or parts of trees to the extraction equipment (also choking). 3.3.5.5 winching: Skidding trees or parts of trees using a machine- or sled-mounted winch and cable. 3.3.5.6 bunching: Gathering and arranging trees
