1、Designation: F2107 08 (Reapproved 2015) An American National StandardStandard Guide forConstruction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas onBaseball and Softball Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruct
3、ion and maintenance of skinned areas on baseball andsoftball fields. This guide provides guidance for the selectionof materials, such as soil, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushedbrick, calcined clay, calcined diatomaceous earth, vitrified clay,etc., for use in constructing or reconditioning skinned
4、 areas andfor the selection of management practices that will maintain asafe and playable skinned surface. Although this guide isspecific to baseball/softball, it has application to other sportswhere ball bounce, ball roll, or player footing, or a combinationthereof, are of importance.1.2 Decisions
5、in selecting construction and maintenancetechniques are influenced by existing soil types, climaticfactors, level of play, intensity of use, equipment available,budget, and training and ability of management personnel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in
6、 parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety
7、 and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used
8、in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. The ASTM standard is not intended to representor replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of agiven professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without
9、 consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC242 Terminology of Ceramic Whiteware
10、s and RelatedProductsD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (With-drawn 2016)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5883 Guide for Use of Rotary Kiln Produced ExpandedShale, Clay or Slate (ESCS) as a Mineral Amendment inTopsoil Used for Landscaping and Related Pu
11、rposesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesF405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipeand Fittings (Withdrawn 2015)3F1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and SandShape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and SportsField Rootzone MixesF2270 Guide for Co
12、nstruction and Maintenance of WarningTrack Areas on Athletic Fields3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as noted, soil related definitions arein accordance with Terminology D653.3.1.1 calcined claygranular, lightweight material pro-duced by calcining clay minerals, such as montmorillonite andattapulg
13、ite, at temperatures of about 700C or higher. Thoseused as soil amendments should be hard, resistant to physicalbreakdown, and screened to appropriate sizes. Calcined clay is1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the di
14、rect responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F2107 08. DOI:10.1520/F2107-08R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
15、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1a manufactured product that lacks the particle size and plas-ticity properties that would allow it to be included in thedefinition of clay. (1)43.1.2 calcined diatomitestable, lightweight granules pro-duced by calcining diato
17、mite (diatomaceous earth), a hydratedsilica mineral derived from the remains of diatoms. (1)3.1.3 clayclay can be defined in terms of a particular sizefraction of a soil, a soil textural class, a soil particle size class,a soil textural group, soil mineralogy, or, in engineering terms,as materials t
18、hat exhibit plastic soil properties when at appro-priate water contents.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIdeally, the term “clay” should be ap-propriately defined when used to describe soils for skinnedinfield mixes. For example, a 60 % sand/40 % clay mixturecould imply either 60 % sand/40 % clayey soil (or other
19、soilswith textures containing enough clay (0.05 mm and 2.0 mm and 7.6 mm. More correctly used, thisclassification refers to “rock fragments” classified as pebbles inthe Glossary of Soil Science Terms (1997). (3,6)3.1.8 skinned areaarea on sports fields that, by design, isdevoid of turfgrasses or oth
20、er vegetation; may be entire field ora portion of the field (for example, skinned infield in baseballor softball; skinned base paths in otherwise turfed infield).Pitching mounds and catchers and batters boxes are alsoconsidered skinned areas. Warning tracks (Guide F2270) canbe considered skinned are
21、as as well.3.1.9 soilsediments or other unconsolidated accumula-tions of solid particles produced by the physical and chemicaldisintegration of rocks, and which may or may not containorganic matter.3.1.10 soil profilevertical section of a soil, showing thenature and sequence of the various layers, a
22、s developed bydeposition or weathering or both or as developed by construc-tion procedures.3.1.11 soil texture (gradation) (grain-size distribution) theproportions by mass of a soil or fragmented rock distributed inspecified particle size ranges.3.1.11.1 soil textural classtexture designation based
23、onrelative proportions of the various soil separates: sand (2.0 to0.05 mm in diameter), silt (0.05 to 0.002 mm), and clay(0.002 mm). (2-7)NOTE 1Particle size ranges for sand, silt, and clay as listed above varysomewhat from ranges given in Test Method D422 and TerminologyD653.4. Significance and Use
24、4.1 The skinned areas of baseball and softball fields shouldprovide a uniform playing surface of high quality. Ball bounceshould be true and predictable. Footing and sliding propertiesshould favor optimum performance of players. Undulations,rough surface, hard or soft surfaces, weeds, stones, and we
25、tspots detract from good play. Playing surface quality is largelyaffected by construction and maintenance procedures, and thisstandard guide addresses those procedures. While warningtracks are a type of skinned area found on baseball and softballfields, this standard does not apply to warning tracks
26、. A4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.F2107 08 (2015)2separate standard, Guide F2270, presents information pertain-ing to warning tracks.4.1.1 During construction, consideration should be given tofactors such as the physical and chemical p
27、roperties of mate-rials used in the area, freedom from stones and other debris,and surface and internal drainage.4.1.2 Maintenance practices that influence the playability ofthe surface include edging, dragging, rolling, watering, vegeta-tion control, brushing or hosing to prevent buildup of a lip o
28、fmineral matter in turfgrass at the skinned/turfed edges, andremoval of stones and debris that may adversely affect play andsafety.4.2 Those responsible for the design, construction, ormaintenance, or a combination thereof, of skinned areas onbaseball and softball fields will benefit from this guide
29、.4.3 This guide provides flexibility in choices of proceduresand can be used to cover a variety of use and budget levels.5. Construction5.1 Skinned Infield and Basepath Areas:5.1.1 Skinned Infield MixMaterials used to provide theskinned surface should be relatively inert mineral matter,which will re
30、sist chemical and physical degradation. This soilor mixture is sometimes referred to as “dirt,” for example,infield dirt. It is used in constructing skinned infields andbasepath areas.5.1.2 Particle Size DistributionParticle size analyses (TestMethod D422 or F1632) are based on oven-dried mass of aw
31、eighed sample; shaker is the preferred method of dispersionif the skinned infield mix contains internally porous amend-ments. Such analyses are satisfactory when the skinned infieldmix consists of sand and soil materials; however, analysisbased on mass can give misleading results if the skinned infi
32、eldmix contains internally porous amendments.5.1.2.1 Native Soil Skinned Areas:(1) Depending on the soil texture, some existing or nativesoils containing greater than 70 % sand (2.0 to 0.05 mm) maybe satisfactory in skinned areas; however, some soils will needto be modified to improve drainage and e
33、ase of soil grooming.Additions of coarse amendments (sand, calcined mineral (clayor diatomite), expanded shale, clay or slate, vitrified clay orcombinations in appropriate amounts (dependent on texturalclass of soil being modified) should increase permeability, andimprove the overall aesthetics of t
34、he surface after grooming.Added sand or calcined materials should have a minimum of85 % of the particles passing a 4.0 mm (No. 5) sieve andretained on a 106 m (No. 140) sieve. Quartz sands arerecommended; if sand contains more than 5 % calcium car-bonate equivalent, the sand has the potential for pa
35、rticlecementation due to dissolution and precipitation. If additionswill increase the grade to an unacceptable elevation, removeappropriate amounts of soil prior to the addition of coarseamendments. The final mixture should have approximately 90to 100 % of the particles passing a 4.0 mm (No. 5) siev
36、e and 15to 30 % passing a 106 m (No. 140) sieve. In final raking andgrading, remove all debris and stone greater than 1 cm indiameter from the surface 1.5 cm. The settled depth of themodified soil should be about 10 cm.(2) Modification of an existing soil should be done duringconstruction of the fac
37、ility. In some recreational baseball/softball situations, consideration of skinned areas occurs onlyafter a turfgrass stand is worn down to the soil surface. Layoutand modification of skinned areas can take place at that timeand will require taking the field out of play unless the work isdone after
38、the playing season.5.1.2.2 Artificial (Man-made) Skinned Areas:(1) Artificial (man-made) profiles are sometimes con-structed to create the skinned area. In situations where profilescontain more than 85 % sand and exhibit high internal perme-ability under heavy compaction, the skinned infield mix can
39、 beplaced on a drainage blanket of gravel, which providessubsurface drainage. In situations where profiles contain lessthan 85 % sand and exhibit limited internal permeability underheavy compaction, a drainage blanket of gravel is not required,as subsurface drainage will be minimal. Skinned infield
40、mixesof this nature may be placed directly on top of the subsoil.Additional information regarding the construction of skinnedinfield areas with subsurface drainage systems is found in theappendix.(2) Skinned Infield MixA skinned infield mix can be usedto bring the surface to final grade. Add approxi
41、mately 10 to 15cm (4 to 6 in.) of skinned infield mix and finish to final grade.Skinned infield mix materials should meet the followingparticle size specifications. Quartz sands are recommended; ifsand contains more than 5 % calcium carbonate equivalent, thesand has the potential for particle cement
42、ation due to dissolu-tion and precipitation.Sieve Designation (E-11) Skinned Infield Mix% passingStandard Alternate2.00 mm No. 10 85-1001.00 mm No. 18 62-90500 m No. 35 48-84250 m No. 60 38-71150 m No. 100 27-6053 m No. 270 19-40(a) Management of the surface will be affected by theamount of material
43、 53 m (0.05 mm, silt and clay). As thisfraction decreases, the area will be more permeable but willretain less water. Management requirements based on thisfraction will be affected by the relative proportion of silt to clayand the type of clay. The presence of clay is desirable from thestandpoint of
44、 providing both a firm and stable surface for goodfooting. Clays that are oxides and hydroxides of iron andaluminum are less cohesive, sticky, and plastic than silicate(layer silicate) clays. Smectitic clays (for example, montmoril-lonite) are silicate clays that have the highest cohesive, plastic,a
45、nd shrink/swell properties. Illitic clays (fine-grained micaclay) are characterized by a much lower expression of theseproperties than found in smectites. Cohesion, swelling,shrinkage, plasticity, and stickiness properties of kaoliniticclays are lower than smectitic and illitic clays. The order ofde
46、creasing cohesiveness and plasticity are as follows:Smectitic, Illitic, Kaolinitic, Quartz. Because of differences inthe physical properties of different clay types and variations intotal clay that can occur in the suggested particle size specifi-cation for a skinned infield mix, adjustments to thes
47、e specifi-cations may be appropriate in some cases.F2107 08 (2015)3(b) In general, skinned infield mixes with less than 19 %in the 53 m (0.05 mm) fraction are better suited in rainyclimates due to greater internal drainage. In dry periods, theymay require additional irrigation to minimize dust and t
48、oprovide a firm surface. Skinned infield mixes with greater than19 % in the 53 m (0.05 mm), will drain more slowly butwill retain more water. Frequency of irrigation will be less.These mixes will be more cohesive and will be more difficultto loosen when they compact.(c) If the performance of a skinn
49、ed infield mix is nottotally satisfactory after installation, its physical compositioncan be altered by incorporating sand or amendments to loosenit or by adding clayey soil to create a firmer mix. Suchalterations may be related to player preference or to ease ofmaintenance.(d) For baseball/softball areas, it is desirable to have afirm, moist mix with a loose 6 to 7 mm cap over the entire area.This cap, comprised of loosened skinned infield mix or amixture of sand or amendment and the skinned infield mix,should allow for uniform ball bounce and roll to
