1、IES TM-18-08An Overview of the Impact of Optical Radiation on Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral ResponsesLight and Human Health:IES TM-18-08Light and Human Health: An Overview of the Impact of Optical Radiation on Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral ResponsesP
2、ublication of this TechnicalMemorandum has been approvedby the IES. Suggestionsfor revisions should be directedto the IESPrepared by:The IESNA Light and Human Health CommitteeIES TM-18-08Copyright 2008 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, N
3、ovember 9, 2008, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engine
4、ering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please for-ward them to
5、 Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for verifica-tion and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN # 978-0-87995-228-0DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus stand
6、ards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to pro
7、mote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequentia
8、l or compensa-tory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this documentIn issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to pe
9、rform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, n
10、or does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall n
11、ot be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES TM-18-08Prepared by the IESNA Light and Human Health CommitteeLight and Human Health CommitteeMariana G. Figueiro, ChairG. C. BrainardS. W. Lockley V. L. RevellR. WhiteIES TM-18-08Contents1.
12、0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 Overview of the Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、 . . . . . . . . . 22.1 Classical Visual Photoreceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Photoreceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.1 Identifying Phot
14、opigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.2 Action Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.3 Studies Using Blind Animals
15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.4 The Discovery of Melanopsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.5 New Photoreceptor Identified . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.6 Blue Light Sensitivities Characterized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.7 Experiments with Transfected Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2.8 Spectral Sensitivity Inconsistencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2.9 Melanopsin Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2.10 Circadian Clock Uses Novel Receptor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2.11 Key Mediator Role for the ipRGCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 Overview o
19、f the Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Responses to Light . . . . . . . . . 83.1 Resetting the Circadian Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 Desynchronized Pacemaker in Blind Individuals . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 Photic Signal Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 Organs with Peripheral Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.5 Circadian Clock Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.0 Lighting Characteristics Affecting the Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1 Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.2 Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.3 Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.4 Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.5 Spatial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.0 Lighting Characteristics Affecting the Circadian System . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.3 Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.4 Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.5 Light Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.6 Adaptation (Photic History) . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.0 Measuring “Light” for Neuroendocrine and Circadian Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157.0 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171IES TM-18-08Light and Human Health: An Overview of the Impact o
30、f Light on Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Responses1.0 INTRODuCTION Light is currently defined as optical radiation entering the eye that provides visual sensation in humans.1Despite this specific vision-related definition, light has been increasingly related to a range of oc
31、ular circadi-an, neuroendocrine, neurobehavioral, and therapeu-tic responses in humans. Technically, the term optical radiation should be used to describe the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation that stimulates all these biological responses.
32、 Since the term light (or lighting) is so widely used to describe optical radiation in the lighting community as well as in the biological and medical research community, the reader is advised that these terms are often used interchangeably in these communities. In this document we will be using the
33、 term optical radiation when referring biological responses other than the visual ones. Most publications from the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) to date have described lights impact on the human visual system. In some instances, such as in the IESNA Lighting Handbook, Nin
34、th Edition, certain physiological and psy-chological effects of optical radiation are also discussed. The neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of the human visual system are well documented and almost all light-ing technologies, standards, measurement devices, and applications have (until now) been base
35、d solely on that understanding. In this Technical Memorandum, however, the Light and Human Health Committee sum-marizes the extant body of knowledge on a topic that is new to the architectural lighting community: the impact of optical radiation on circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral syste
36、ms. This document is not con-cerned with the impact of optical radiation on the skin or other tissues, only ocular exposures.Much like the dual functions (audition and balance) long associated with the ear, the mammalian eye has dual roles in detecting optical radiation for both image-formation (vis
37、ion) and for other circadian, neuroen-docrine, and neurobehavioral responses. Although this is not a new area of scientific investigation, it is a relatively new topic for many IESNA members. Most published scientific research in this area has come primarily from controlled laboratory and clinical e
38、xperiments, although some studies have attempted to integrate the results into practical situations where they would be beneficial. Therefore, readers will find that the information discussed in this Technical Memorandum is mostly research-based. Recommended practice and application advice are not i
39、ncluded. Since the effects of optical radiation can be profound for human health and well-being it is increasingly important for the lighting community to understand the direct biological influences of light/dark cycles. It may be possible to develop new lighting technolo-gies and applications that
40、will have health benefits. It may also be possible to employ existing technologies in novel ways to positively influence human health. The counterpoint is also true: it may be possible to employ existing and new technologies in ways that are deleterious to human health.In brief, this Technical Memor
41、andum describes the retinal mechanisms involved when optical radiation signals are converted into neural signals (a phenom-ena called phototransduction) for vision and for other body functions. Optical radiation reaching the retina not only impacts on how humans see the world, it also regulates phys
42、iology and behavior, both directly and indirectly. This includes acute effects such as suppressing pineal melatonin production, elevat-ing morning cortisol production, increasing subjec-tive alertness, enhancing psychomotor performance, changing brain activation patterns to a more alert state, eleva
43、ting heart rate, increasing core body temperature, activating pupil constriction, and even stimulating circadian clock gene expression.Perhaps the most important and long-term effect of optical radiation is its ability to reset the internal circadian body clock and synchronize it to local time. Circ
44、adian rhythms are daily rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours and are driven by an endogenous clock. Nearly all behavioral and physi-ological parameters exhibit circadian rhythms and thus circadian clock synchronization is paramount to the bodys efficient and appropriate functioning. The
45、neurobehavioral (e.g., sleep/wake cycle) and neuro-endocrine (e.g., hormone production) axes are thus influenced by optical radiation both directly (acute effects) and indirectly, via circadian clocks that drive and coordinate the rhythmicity in these systems.One of the most exciting discoveries in
46、science during the past decade was the identification of a novel photo-receptor in the retina, called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). This discovery led to a series of studies to better understand the characteris-tics, function, and role of the ipRGCs. Questions that ha
47、ve been studied thus far include how the ipRGCs respond to optical radiation, how they regenerate after an optical radiation stimulus, how they provide input to 2IES TM-18-08the higher brain centers driving optical radiation-depen-dent responses, and how they interact with the classical photorecepto
48、rs (rods and cones) to provide such infor-mation. The findings of these studies are summarized in this Technical Memorandum, but it is important to note that new studies are being conducted and new knowl-edge is being added to the literature every month, if not every week. The reader is encouraged t
49、o continuously search for the most current information on this topic.The reader will also find here a section discussing the circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral systems and how they respond to optical radiation. The majority of the studies in the literature, and hence the majority of the discussion in this docu-ment, investigate the interaction and influence of the circadian system on the neurobehavioral and neuroendocrine responses. It is important, however, to keep in mind that the impact of optical radiation on the neurobehavioral and neuroendocrine responses is not exclusively
