1、Reference numberISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E)ISO/IEC 1999INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC11179-1First edition1999-12-01Information technology Specificationand standardization of data elements Part 1:Framework for the specification andstandardization of data elementsTechnologies de linformation Spcification et
2、 normalisation deslments de donnes Partie 1: Cadre pour la spcification et la normalisation des lments dedonnesAdopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 12/21/00Published by American National Standards Ins
3、titute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2002 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI).All rights reserved.These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC), American Nation
4、al Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council(ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, withoutthe prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitt
5、ed to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.Printed in the United States of AmericaReaffirmed as INCITS/ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004 R2015ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E)PDF disclaimerThis PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed b
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8、ISO member bodies. In the unlikely eventthat a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 1999All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electr
9、onicor mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bodyin the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 Gb7 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 734 10 79E-mail copyrightiso.chWeb
10、 www.iso.chPrinted in Switzerlandii ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservediiiContents Page1 Scope 12 Normative References . 13 Definitions . 14 Abbreviations 95 Methodology Independence . 106 Fundamental Concepts of Data Elements . 107 Relationship o
11、f Data Elements to Other Data Concepts . 118 Overview of ISO/IEC 11179, Parts 1-6 12Annex A Fundamental Concepts of Data Representation and Management 17Annex B Metadata and Data Elements . 30Bibliography . 32ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E)iv ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedForewordISO (the International Or
12、ganization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form thespecialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in thedevelopment of International Standards through technical committees established by the re
13、spective organization to deal withparticular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Otherinternational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.International Standards a
14、re drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. DraftInternational Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for
15、 voting. Publication as anInternational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO/IEC 11179 may be the subject of patentrights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for id
16、entifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard ISO/IEC 11179-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,Subcommittee SC 32, Data management services.ISO/IEC 11179 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Sp
17、ecification andstandardization of data elements:Gbe Part 1:Framework for the specification and standardization of data elementsGbe Part 2: Classification for data elementsGbe Part 3: Basic attributes of data elementsGbe Part 4: Rules and guidelines for the formulation of data definitionsGbe Part 5:
18、Naming and identification principles for data elementsGbe Part 6: Registration of data elementsAnnexes A and B of this part of ISO/IEC 11179 are for information only.ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedvIntroductionBackgroundHumans are aware of anything that exists in the natural
19、 world through its properties. Data represents the properties of thesethings. Specification of data elements, the basic units of data, involves documenting relevant characteristics of each dataelement to ensure its representation of the natural world item is consistent and accurate. Data that has be
20、en carefully specifiedand standardized greatly enhances its usefulness and shareability across systems and environments. Sharing data involves theability to locate desired data, retrieve the data, and to exchange the data with others. When data elements are well documentedaccording to ISO/IEC 11179
21、and the documentation is managed in a Data Element Registry, finding and retrieving them fromdisparate databases as well as sending and receiving them via electronic communications are made easier.The recognition and standardization of data elements used in communications through automated informati
22、on processingsystems is an ongoing and essential activity. The success of this activity and its application throughout the world is of vitalimportance if international communications among governments, businesses, and scientific communities are to be improved.The primary data sharing and standardiza
23、tion problems addressed by the development of ISO/IEC 11179 include, but are notlimited to the following:Gb7 A lack of mechanisms for enabling global data acquisition and interchange, particularly across applicationareas;Gb7 Unique global identifiers for standard data elements currently do not exist
24、;Gb7 Documentation of data element characteristics is inadequate to support fully automated sharing of data,including locating, retrieving, and exchanging the data;Gb7 There is a lack of uniform guidance for identification, development, and description of data elements;Gb7 Finding and retrieving a s
25、pecific standard data element among thousands or millions is difficult orimpossible;Gb7 No universal means for organizing standard data elements exists;Gb7 While data is sometimes standardized within an organization, there are few common data standards betweenorganizations;Gb7 Exchange of data among
26、 organizations results in a proliferation of customized data interchangerepresentations;Gb7 Data definitions and descriptions are not sufficiently precise to support reuse or multiple users of data;Gb7 Current inventory structures for reducing logical data redundancies are inadequate;Gb7 Global impl
27、ementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is impeded by a lack of standard data elements;standard data elements are needed for the content of EDI messages.To facilitate global electronic communications, the International Standards community has been working diligently to definean Open Systems
28、Interconnection Environment (OSIE) within which diverse computer hardware and applications could shareinformation. Standards have been proposed or defined for three (hardware, software, and communications) of the four(hardware, software, communications, and data) basic components required for open i
29、nformation processing systems. ISO/IEC11179 for data specification, the fourth basic component for open information systems, provides a mechanism for enablingdata to be shared in the OSIE.For systems to be truly open, data must be portable and shareable within and among these various application env
30、ironments,which span localized and distributed networks. For data to be shareable, both the users and owners of data must have acommon understanding of its meaning, representation, and identification. To understand the meaning of any data, thedescriptions of the data must be available to the users f
31、rom, for example, a Data Element Registry. Data must be adequatelydescribed and users must have a convenient way to obtain these descriptions. Data Element Registries provide a way toISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E)vi ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedorganize the content and representation of data elements so
32、 that data descriptions are consistently specified and can be easilylocated by data designers and users. Uniform specification of data facilitates data retrieval, data exchange, and consistent useof data throughout the Software Development Life Cycle. The units of information with normalized meaning
33、s and formats areknown as “standardized data elements.“Purpose of ISO/IEC 11179ISO/IEC 11179 describes the standardizing and registering of data elements to make data understandable and shareable. Dataelement standardization and registration as described in ISO/IEC 11179 allow the creation of a shar
34、ed data environment inmuch less time and with much less effort than it takes for conventional data management methodologies.The purpose of ISO/IEC 11179 is to give concrete guidance on the formulation and maintenance of discrete data elementdescriptions and semantic content (metadata) that shall be
35、used to formulate data elements in a consistent, standard manner. Italso provides guidance for establishing a data element registry.Although motivated by the desire for the open exchange of data throughout the international communities by electronicinformation interchanges, ISO/IEC 11179:Gb7 facilit
36、ates acquisition and registration of data;Gb7 expedites access and use of data;Gb7 simplifies data manipulation by intelligent software by enabling manipulation of data based oncharacteristics described by metadata;Gb7 enables the development of a data representation metamodel for CASE tools and rep
37、ositories; andGb7 facilitates electronic data interchange and data sharing.ISO/IEC 11179 benefits the communication of data among information systems and people:Gb7 within an organization;Gb7 among different organizations; andGb7 crossing all levels of software and hardware, and geographic, organiza
38、tional and political boundaries.Metadata about data elements is stored in a data element registry. A data element registry supports data sharing withdescriptions of data. Registration is the process of documenting metadata to support data shareability. Registration should becarried out at the data e
39、lement level to promote and maximize semantic value. ISO/IEC 11179 enables the end user to interpretthe intended meaning confidently, correctly, and unambiguously.Users of ISO/IEC 11179For users and managers of data, ISO/IEC 11179 specifies a basic set of data element characteristics necessary to sh
40、are data. Itplaces special emphasis on important data element characteristics such as identifiers, definitions, and classification categories.ISO/IEC 11179 describes a data element registry to assist users of shared data to have a common understanding of a dataelements meaning, representation, and i
41、dentification. If data values are received, the user can discover the exact meaning ofthe data received. If users wish to retrieve data values from a database, they can identify the type of data desired.For systems analysts and data stewards, ISO/IEC 11179 provides a way to reuse a data element that
42、 meets a need, or to designa new data element if one does not already exist. Even before the user accesses data elements in a database, data stewards andsystems analysts must have a way to identify and describe data logically so that they do not inadvertently introduceinconsistent values of data. If
43、 systems analysts are to create products that share data, they must first be aware whether or not adata element with the required characteristics already exists. If it does, they should use it. If the systems analysts choose toreplicate the data element, they must represent data elements containing
44、the same information in the same manner. If a dataelement with exactly the same characteristics does not already exist, a data steward needs to design the data element and makeits description available to software developers. ISO/IEC 11179 aids in the development of precise descriptions of dataISO/I
45、EC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reservedviielements. Data elements that have been formulated according to the principles in this multi-part International Standard enableinterchangeability and retrieval regardless of the information processing system or telecommunication protocols employed
46、.For software developers, ISO/IEC 11179 provides means to assure data coherence. A registry can serve software developers byenabling the consistent use of data throughout the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). A registry will provide themechanisms for managing data elements and for ensuring the
47、ir traceability between SDLC phases.For developers of a data dictionary, data element registry, CASE tool, and other data management software, ISO/IEC 11179provides the basis for designing a metamodel necessary to enable the capture, storage, management, and exchange of the dataelement metadata.INTE
48、RNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 11179-1:1999(E) ISO/IEC 1999 All rights reserved 1Information technology Specification and standardization of dataelements Part 1:Framework for the specification and standardization of data elements1. ScopeISO/IEC 11179 specifies basic aspects of data element composition,
49、including metadata. It applies toformulation of data element representations and meaning as shared among people and machines; it does notapply to the physical representation of data as bits and bytes at the machine level.This part of ISO/IEC 11179 provides the context for associating the individual parts and is the foundation for aconceptual understanding of data elements.2. Normative ReferencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constituteprovisions of this part of ISO/IEC 11179. For dated
